Discuss the Role of the Supervisor in Organizational Planning

Course Title: Supervisory Management Submission Date: 22 October 2012 One Stop Production Company’s Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary of the Case3 Statement of the Problem4 Core Problem4 Satellite Problems6 Recommendations 16 Reasonable Assumptions19 Bibliography 20 Summary of the caseOne Stop Production is a garment manufacturer specializing in the production of school uniforms. Ms. Susan Holford shared the management of the business with her father Mr. Amos Holford over the past two years and will assume full responsibility for leadership of the company upon his retirement. She has a team of supervisors whose length of tenure with the business exceeds her own involvement with One Stop Production, and in general employees have performed the same functions from the business’ inception. The leadership styles of Susan and her father differ drastically.Motivated by her intention to manage the business in a different manner than her father, Susan is overwhelmed by the diffic ulties facing her – particularly the declining production and sales figures, and what she views as the refusal of the employees to improve production levels. This report outlines the challenges facing the business and its new manager Susan. It will first summarize the existing problems, and then establish specifically the core problem and satellite problems that exist; where necessary reasonable assumptions will be drawn and supported by evidence from the business.The report will then provide recommendations that will empower Susan, as leader, to chart the future course of the organization. This will be followed by a conclusion that unifies the various elements of the report. STATEMENT OF THE Problem Within different organizations one will find varying organizational structures and environments which contribute to the overall organizational culture. Entwined in here are the management and leadership styles, values and beliefs that exist within the organization.As this case an alysis was thoroughly investigated, we discovered that the One Stop Production Company had some major problems (Please refer to Exhibit 1. 0). After careful consideration and collaboration it has been established that the core problem which hinders the success of the company is â€Å"Ineffective Leadership and Organization Management†. Whilst the satellite problems include: ? Poor Organizational Structure ?Poor Management * No Clear Goals ?Ineffective Communication CORE PROBLEM Ineffective Leadership In this company, we will examine the leadership skills within the organisation.A leader’s role is to set the direction for establishing a clear vision by taking risks, sharing and communicating the vision with others so that they will follow willingly. It also includes motivating and inspiring staff by expanding energy through producing change, aligning contingencies by bringing everyone together and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders. (www. businessdictionary. com) â€Å"The art of getting employees together on a common platform and extracting the best out of them refers to effective organisation management. † (www. managementstudyguide. com) SATELLITE PROBLEMSPoor Organisational Structure An organisational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided grouped and coordinated (Robbins & Judge 2010, p. 488). Within the One Stop Production Company the organizational structure was not clearly defined which often resulted in conflicts due to mixed instructions. Mr. Holford, although delegating the majority of functions and running of the operation to his supervisors, still constantly moved around giving random instructions to different employees regardless of department. Ms. Holford wants to restructure the organization having roles and job functions clearly defined.In addition she intends to appoint specific supervisors to specific departments which would define the levels of authority – Line or func tional; allowing both employees ad superiors to know who was responsible for what. Poor Management Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively (Robbins & Coulter p. 6). â€Å"Ms. Holford never found the time to pursue management because her father had left the management of all three areas of the organization largely up to her† Ms.Holford exhibits a type of autocratic style of management and does not trust the knowledge of the staff. This lack of trust has resulted in her inability to select specific supervisors to specific department. She has very good ideas and intentions for the organization however a lack of management training proves to be a major deficiency. She does not have the co-operation of the workers and as a result her suggestions are not acted on. Ms. Holford believes the selection of a manager to run things for her is imperative however she does not know how to go about this process.Ineffective Communication Communication is ‘the transfer and understanding of meaning. It serves four major functions within a group or organization; control, motivation, emotional expression and information. ’ As seen in this case the flow of communication serves one main purpose and that is control. Employees are made aware of Ms. Holford’s suggestions and intentions at meetings however there appears to be no facility for feedback or input from the employees. The lack of trust in the workers’ knowledge results in a ‘one way’ flow of communication. No Clear Goals / Targets The goals of the organization have not been clearly defined and relayed to the workers. The levels of production and sales which are being sought have not been laid out to the workers. RECOMMENDATIONS * Management and Leadership training for Ms. Susan Holford. This is very important so as to develop within her the skills which are necessary for her to manage the organization as well the workers. Leadership & Learning are indispensible to each other. It is known that effective Leaders are not always born but can be trained. Hire a Human Resources Manager – Human resource managers have a key role to play to help a company achieve its objectives and run effectively. HR managers assist employees with matters relating to their employment and  also help employees with questions regarding health insurance and other benefits. Hiring and firing employees are both important functions performed by the  human  resources department because there are certain procedures to be followed. However, a crucial  role  of  human  resources  is to work closely with upper management as well as the staff to ensure positive company relations at all times. To assist with the hiring of the Human Resources Manager, we have attached the following document. Please see Exhibit 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3 and 2. 4) * Implement a five year strategic p lan – This should include the Goal setting  theory which involves establishing  specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely   (S. M. A. R. T  )   objectives. Work on the theory of goal-setting suggests that it's an effective tool for making progress by ensuring that participants in a group with a common goal are clearly aware of what is expected from them if an objective is to be achieved. Delegation of work – A General Manager should be chosen with the overall responsible for the day to running and they would report directly to Ms. Holford. In addition specific supervisors for the various departments should be put in place to oversee the running of those departments. Training should also be organized for all supervisors. The supervisors are a direct link between management and the workers. (Please refer to Exhibit 3. 0). * Communication has to become a ‘two way’ process and allow for feedback from the workers. Ms.Holford must spend ti me with key supervisors and staff and learn the business, while also truly learn about the staff. She should form a committee of Management from among the key stakeholders in the Company. The Supervisors should be able to communicate any new production and sales targets to their teams directly. * Goals / Targets – Production and Sales targets should be set and the targets should be known to all members of staff. The overall goals of the company should be clearly stated and ensure that the operation of each department coincides with the overall goals of the organization.Sales records for the past five years should be analyzed so as to pick up on trends and a comparison done with a company in a similar market. For instance sales maybe tied in to the start of the school year where for obvious reasons they will be at their highest. This research would aid in the setting of the targets and goals and also identify reasons for drops in sales at particular times. * Production Levels – The workers have been doing the same jobs since inception.New technology may be available to increase the efficiency of some processes and the training of workers in the use of new technology or processes to increase productivity and overall job efficiency. * Staff Morale – Despite receiving annual wage increases the employees still appear unhappy and are unwilling to improve production. Ms. Holford should pay attention to what the needs of the workers are. Look at improving the working environment, staff relations. Incentive schemes can be devised to encourage workers to produce more and build up their morale. CONCLUSIONThe members of our group believe that after thoroughly analyzing the main issues of the company, and implementation of the recommendations stated would improve the daily operations and production at the One Stop Production. However it should be noted that these recommendations have to be implemented overtime and the changing process should be a gradu al one as from the case it appears that the employees are very resistant to sudden change. It should be gradually incorporated into the activities and employees should be clearly shown the importance of it to the company and also the benefits that can be reaped through their assistance.BIBLOGRAPHY Kotter, John P. John P Kotter on what leaders really do: Harvard Business Press, 1999 Robbins, SP. ; Coulter, M. Management. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2007 Robbins, SP. ;Judge, TA. Organisational Behavior Thirteen ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008 Robbins, Stephen P. and Judge, Timothy A. Organisational Behaviour. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc, 2009 Mullins, Laurie J, Management and Organisational Behaviour 8th Ed, p. 382 www. businessdictionary. com Barbados Institute of Management and Productivity – Course Manual 2012

Can Sudan Split Without Falling Apart? Essay

1. The fact that families like Achai Chol’s are leaving northern Sudan indicates that the people would rather be in southern Sudan fighting for southern independenceto stopthe imminent war and creating a better life for them and their families. 2. The thesis of the article is that Sudan has been politically unstable over the period of its two long civil wars. The south did not identify with the Arab led Sudanese society and created a referendum on southern independence. The two halves of the nation fight in an imminent war killing millions while trying to resolve the issues. 3. The size of Sudan is big compared to other African nations. Sudan is Africa’s biggest country. 4. The two halves of the nation differ in culture, race and religion. 5. In Sudan’s history, the United State’s brokered a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) to end more than half a century of conflict, creating an autonomous southern region and holding out the option of secession if the south so chose. 6. The south chose to agree to the CPA to separate the south from the north. 7. The words of Kiir Mayardit, â€Å"This is the final part of our journey,† are inherent compared to the direct quotes in the first two paragraphs because they are saying that south Sudan is their home, the place where they belong, and the place that they want to fight for. 8. Mutual reliance is when two sides are interdependent on each other. Where there is a relationship in which each member is mutually dependant on the other. 9. The first sentence of paragraph six â€Å"But if Sudan’s history makes dividing the nation seem an obvious solution, drawing a line in the sand is not as easy as it sounds† is saying that it is obvious that Sudan should be divided, but it’s not possible to just draw a line between the north and the south. It requires negotiating, which they are not willing to compromise to. 10. Parts of the north wanting to secede along with the south is most likely going to stand in the way of a peaceful solution to dividing the country, because the north does not approve of it. 11. The chief method used to pursue a peaceful solution is to use Sudan’s oil as a force for peace. 12. The United States and other countries are willing to make diplomacy to ensure peace in Sudan. 13. â€Å"Divorce could mean a crushing alimony† is the analogy the author uses to illustrate that the division might be difficult. The author is describing the separation of the two sides as a divorce, and the expense that it’s going to cost the north as the alimony. The type of figurative language used in the analogy is a metaphor. 14. The most glaring divide between northern and southern Sudan is the government structure. 15. An agreement to share the prosperity of aid and oil exports will be required of all parties involved to reach a successful end. 16. When reading the quote in the concluding paragraph, â€Å"Damned if I know. There are an astonishing range of problems that are going to wash over this place,† I visualize a man of high power saying it. The inclusion of the quote keeps the meaning of the article by saying that the two sides are still going to have many problems and war even after they are separated. 17. The author uses the information in the last paragraph to describe how Sudan has problems and will still have problems and war. â€Å"Failure – in the form of war – will be easy to spot.† But the author also says â€Å"Success will be less obvious: slow, messy and with endless setbacks,† meaning that the problems are being resolved in a slow and unmannerly fashion.

Media Freedom in Pakistan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Media Freedom in Pakistan - Term Paper Example The focus of the study is given to how the media helped to restore the judiciary besides other benefits of the media freedom. The downside of this freedom and its limitations are also discussed in order to give a balanced picture of the impact and relate how free the media really is at this stage. Finally, an examination is made of how the media can help to make democratisation succeed. Officially, democracy began in Pakistan with the 1973 constitution after General Yahya Khan allowed the conduction of a free and fair election in Pakistan for the first time in 1970. It was a parliamentary democracy that allowed for democratically elected representatives to rule. Prior to that, his predecessor General Ayub Khan did allow the country to experience a ‘basic democracy’ under the 1962 constitution after usurping power, but it was rightly called a ‘constitutional autocracy’. Democratic institutions were still suppressed and a mass movement arose to guarantee the p rinciple of one-man-one-vote would be applied. However, the quality of the democracy in Pakistan during the last quarter of the 20th century has been questionable, and arguably it still is. It was again largely absent during Zia-ul-Haqq’s military rule from 1977 to 1988. Political parties were then allowed to participate in proper elections this time in 1988 but the transition to democracy has been a continuous struggle between the military and civilian organisations. In short, where some democratic practices have been permitted, they have usually been partial, controlled and incomplete under the rule of the military or else manipulated under the occasional civilian rule. The pattern that emerges from this brief historical overview is that the degree of democracy has been generally (though not steadily) increasing in Pakistan over the past few decades.

Chapter # 7 Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter # 7 Presentation - Essay Example Department of Health and Human Services should; establish a three-tier structure model based on financial risk by ACO: link payment concept to ACO qualification levels: provision of Medicare and insurance with at least one ACO: assign Medicare to patients who have no provider (hospital). Currently, physicians lack elements to participate in level II and level III ACO. It is recommended to have; private sector, professional association and CMC Quality Improvement Organization (QIOs) which should provide administrative governance and technical assistance. The office of the national coordinator should provide funds to ACOs with implementing electronic health records (Harrington, 380). CMC should pay the providers for coordination, prevention of diseases and protection of people’s health. Changes may be required to facilitate innovation in payment, incentive, ACO formation, laws and policies in major five major areas. The healthcare system changes will not benefit all providers, but it will meet the demand of the increased population. The reform focuses on rewarding providers on the delivery of quality services to patients. ACO focuses on addressing defects in organizations and payment health care. ACO also provides encouragement to create a feeling of union by general patients as opposed to discrete entities. The two main essential features of ACO are; first, designate accountable provider entities that share collective responsibilities for treating grouped patients. The second feature is the performance measurement and new payment method where each provider’s payment is to be based on care (Gold and Felt, 2008). ACOs raise concerns of health care delivery in the United States. ACOs proposal focuses on grouping of patients for providers to work together closely to improve the quality performance measures. From past experiences, the ACOs have learnt that providers are a vital, and changes are tied to providers. Areas to be improved for

Locating Mobiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Locating Mobiles - Essay Example If accurate movement prediction per mobile was possible, the task of locating mobiles given their last location would become substantially efficient in terms of both speed and system resources used. Being able to determine the mobile's future locations and access points as it moves inside the network while being connected can result in significant improvement in system efficiency and connection quality. The wireless terminal (laptop or PDA) is equipped with an IEEE 802.11b -compatible network card and a web browser. The web server handles the presentation logic. The application and location servers' constitute the application logic. One possible solution for improving the quality of the service is to use a vector image format. The use of vector data is essential, in order to improve the response time and the power of the client application. Using a vector format, there is no need to request a new image file every time the user zooms or pans the image or something changes in that particular image. At present, the most promising vector format for Internet-use is SVG, which is a W3C recommendation for describing dynamic and interactive two-dimensional graphics in XML. These graphics can contain vector graphic shapes, raster images and text. SVG is ideal for visualising geographical information on the Web, since it has many features that are used in traditional cartography such as polygons, lines, points and text. More sophisticated features suitable for mapping in SVG include layering, opacity, gradient fills, stroke options, clipping, masking, scripting, animations and filter effects. SVG can also handle coordinate transformations and enables high quality paper prints. In addition, SVG maps are freely pannable and zoomable. Cellular Location Methods Cellular location methods use the signals of the cellular system to find the location of a mobile station. Since cellular systems were not originally designed for positioning, the implementation of different location methods may require new equipment to make the necessary measurements for location determination and new signalling to transfer the measurement results to the location determination unit. Before presenting the cellular location methods and their implementation aspects, some concepts that will be used to classify different methods based on the role of the mobile station (MS) and the network or on the location measurement principle are defined. Based on the functions of the MS and the network, implementation of a location method belongs to one of the following categories: Network-based Mobile-based Mobile-assisted In network-based implementation one or several base stations (BSs) make the necessary measurements and send the measurement results to a location center where the position is calculated. Network-based implementation does not require any changes to existing handsets, which is a significant advantage compared to mobile-based or most mobile-assisted solutions. However, the MS must be in active mode to enable location measurements and thus positioning in idle mode is impossible. In mobile-based implementation the MS makes measurements and position determination. This allows positioning in idle mode by measuring control channels, which are continuously transmitted. Some assisting information, e.g. BS

Applying Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applying Learning Theories - Essay Example The Behavioral Theory or behaviorism stresses on the learning of facts and skills as stated by the authorities. For example, school board and the teachers. Behaviorist believes the environment is a great influencing factor in the process of learning. The theory of behavioral learning also contends that contiguity and reinforcement, whether positive or negative, are essential to the learning process. Characteristics Behavior, which is positively reinforced, will occur again; discontinuous reinforcement is particularly successful. Information must be presented in small proportions so that responses can be reinforced ("shaping") Reinforcements arouse similar stimuli ("stimulus generalization") producing secondary conditioning. Principles Practice takes in the form of question (stimulus) - answer (response) frames which expose the student to the subject in gradual steps The learner must make a response for every frame and receive immediate feedback There is a gradual introduction of diff icult questions to get positive response and thus leading to positive reinforcement. The good responses must be followed with the positive reinforces such as verbal praise, good grades etc. 2 B.F.Skinner’s Behaviorist theory works on the similar grounds of conditioning theory as proposed by Pavlov and Watson. They observed that the formation of behavior is essentially related to the external environment .Pavlov established the classical conditioning paradigm. Watson studied overt behavior and concentrated on the conditioning of emotions. Skinner model of behavior is based on observation, he studied environment control on the behavior and explained operant behavior rather than respondent behavior played greater role in life. An Operant conditioning can become a means for behavior modification. â€Å"When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. The distinctive characteristic of operant conditioning relati ve to previous forms of behaviorism is that the organism can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus.† (B.F Skinner) Reinforcement is main constituent in the Skinners S-R Theory and a rein forcer is anything that strengthens a response. Good grades, a verbal praise, feeling of accomplishment are all positive rein forcers. There are negative rein forcers that refer to adverse stimulus or response. A great deal of attention is given to schedules of reinforcement and their effects on establishing and maintaining behavior. Behaviorist theory and Instruction Design The Behaviorist theory is involved in the following. Behavioral objectives movement; the teaching machine phase; the programmed instruction movement; individualized instructional approaches, computer-assisted learning and the systems approach to instruction. Based on operant conditioning Skinner's teaching machine required the learner to complete or answer a question and then receive feedback on the correctness of the response. Skinner demonstrated his machine in 1954.Programmed instructions concentrated on the hardware than on the course development. Individualized instructions are used in reading science, math .Computer assisted learning is much a drill, and practice controlled by program me developer rather by the learner. The system approach is employed in the language laboratories, teaching machines, multimedia presentations etc. Most systems approaches are similar to computer flow charts

Constitutional Law M9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constitutional Law M9 - Essay Example Therefore, Gideon had to defend himself in the trial. After his guilty was confirmed, he was sentenced to imprisonment for five years. This became a contentious issue which presented this crucial aspect that as protected by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, the failure by the state court in appointing counsel for Gideon went against his fair trial rights. Conclusion The Court held that Gideon had a right to be represented in court. This was arrived at in a unanimous opinion. The Court found that in this case, for fair trial, the guarantee by the Sixth Amendment of a counsel was a right which was fundamental. With the absence of counsel assistance, a poor defendant is not guaranteed justice thus the trial would not be fair. Lawyers in criminal courts are not merely luxuries but necessities. In the past, if one was arrested for breaking the law, it was unless you had money that one could have the right to an attorney. This became a right because Clarence Gideon, who was a prison inm ate lacking the money for council representation, wrote a personal petition to the Court. Without a lawyer, he managed to take his case to the Supreme Court and winning important rights for all. It was in 1961, when Clarence Gideon was apprehended for breaking into a pool hall. He was a prime suspect since he had the profile of a law breaker because he was a 51-year old drifter with a criminal record. With little education, since he had not even finished the eighth-grade, he knew two things when he was arrested: (1). He was innocent (2). He would not have a chance to convince a jury of this fact since he did not have a lawyer. Gideon asked the judge to get him legal council to stand for him in court because he was unable to hire one. The judge refused, then convicted and sentenced him to five years in jail. Gideon utilized his jail time. He first filed a petition before the Supreme Court of Florida but it was denied. Next, he filed a petition in the Court in which he argued that put ting him on trial without legal representation was not fair since he was denied his rights as clearly stated in the14th Amendment of the constitution. Since Gideon filed the petition, he was the petitioner while Louie L. Wainwright being the person against whom the petition was filed, was in this case the respondent (a petition against Wainwright was filed by Gideon since Wainwright was responsible for Florida prisons where he was held illegally). However, 20 years earlier, the Court dismissed the argument that every defendant reserves the right to an attorney. This was the biggest problem for Gideon. Therefore, his appeal hand-written as it was, was requesting the Supreme Court for a change of its mind on the issue. He was fortunate that the Court was ready to consider doing this. At the time of his appeal (1963), almost half of all of those convicted in state courts were not financially capable of hiring a lawyer. A lot of convictions had to be reversed by the Supreme Court Justic es because of serious legal errors made after the defendants had been forced to argue out their case in court without legal representation. Therefore, the Court made a decision to listen to Gideon's petition, and a famous Washington attorney by the name Abe Fortas was appointed to represent him. We later on see that a few years later, Fortas became a member of the Supreme Court. In Gideon v. Wainwright decision1963, the Supreme Court had a unanimous agreement that: any person tried without an attorney can’

Reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reaction - Essay Example In my opinion, the number of people killed because of being captivated in the gas chambers and because of gas discharge in the chambers is also not fully known as there are different opinions about the number of killed people. Some say that the number of people reached 4 million; however, other people reject this statement and explain that only 1.1 million died in Auschwitz. Therefore, it cannot be said with accuracy about how many people died in actuality during the World War II in the gas chambers. The gas was not discharged day and night but only for twenty or thirty minutes as what I feel is that the gas was quite harmful and kept the power of killing many at one time and its efficacy maintained till late hours due to which, massive gassing was avoided. Therefore, from the interviews of David Cole, it is quite evident that Auschwitz divided in its three sites was used for massive killing. Works Cited Cole, David and Smith Bradley. David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciszek Piper, Direc tor, Auschwitz State Museum. 1992. Accessed on 24th February 2011 from http://www.codoh.com/gcgv/gcgvcole.html

TESCO's Business Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

TESCO's Business Plan - Case Study Example According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisation's ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). The study first of all scans the market environment using the PESTLE framework; thereafter the study looks at TESCO corporate mission and vision statement in the phase of its new business plan. Finally the study looks into how ecological factors and other environmental factors have been used by TESCO to benefit its business plan. The last section of the paper provides the conclusion and recommendation for the study. Founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, Tesco Plc today, has established itself as the largest super store in Europe. According to the company 2007 corporate report and the website, Tesco PLC is an international retailer. Tesco principal activities include food retailing having over 2,000 stores in the United Kingdom. The company also has stores and retail outlet in other countries like the Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan and China (Tesco 2006 Review). Tesco operates 165 International Express stores. In addition it operates 39 stores in China, 111 in Japan, 13 in Malaysia, 62 in South Korea, 6 in Taiwan, 219 in Thailand, 35 in Czech Republic, 87 in Hungary, 105 in Poland, 91 in Republic of Ireland, 37 in Slovakia and 8 in Turkey. (Tesco Annual Review, 2006). It therefore operates round the clock which demonstrates its commitment to create customer value which in turn generates superior value for its shareholders. Tesco denotes its success to an aggressive global strategy of geographical diversification, product differentiation, cost focus and it use of umbrella branding. In its attempt to renew the brand and keep it in sync with changing customer tastes, Tesco follows various strategies including international diversification, providing value to customers, product diversification, innovation, acquisition and umbrella branding. Its recent strategy is the creation and opening of environmental friendly and energy efficient stores. 1.1.1 Political Factors The PESTLE framework outline in appendix one stipulates that a company is

Galactic type Essay Example for Free

Galactic type Essay Galaxies can be explained as massive systems of stars, dust, gas as well as other types of matter that are bound together by gravitational forces to form a single physical mass. As Binney and Merrifield (1998: p 34) explain, on the basis of extensive imaging surveys that have been carried out, it is estimated that there are more than 40 billion galaxies in the universe, that are spread out in a complex large-scale systems for example, clusters, super-clusters. There are also boundaries of huge empty spaces referred to as voids. The sun is just part of galaxy called the Milky Way. This galaxy is a much flattened spiral galaxy that could be comprised by more than 400 billions stars. Through the use of telescopes, it is possible to view these galaxies. Gravitational Lenses Gravitational lenses can be described as galaxies and clusters of galaxies, which are so huge that they cause bends to the route of light objects towards their directions, thus they distort the forms of backdrop galaxies into curves as well as rings. At times these gravitational lenses can even lead to photos of galaxies and quasars to be seen in symmetrical outlines around them. However such cosmetic arrangement is very rare and only occurs in out of a thousand elliptical galaxies. Galaxy merges It has been noted that galaxies comes together to create merges. In such a case galaxies can merge in two different ways. One is through forming stars, and the second way is by merging together. Basing on the present theories of how galaxies are formed, it is expected that they are must be extensive merging going on. In fact, there are many examples to attests this point. However, it is very hard to consistently measure the extent of merging that is happening; it calls for huge samples and keen measuring machines and eyes. (http://www. galaxyzoo. org/science) Understanding these galaxies is a significant part of contemporary astronomy. Galaxies are basic units of matter within the space, and explaining the way they are formed as well as how they have achieved their present form is very critical for various aspects in astronomy. Indeed it is significant to note that what is presently known regarding galaxies started with just a simple classification of how the galaxies appeared through the photos taken using huge observatory telescopes. From these photos, galaxies present a broad diversity of forms, or shapes and can basically be divided into various classes just like living things are classified. Classification of galaxy Visual galaxy classification has continued to be helpful at a moment when galaxies still are not better understood. Classification of galaxies offers an outline for more studies and proposes a sound approach to studying these complex galaxies. Classification of galaxies Binney and Merrifield (1998 pp 36) tells us that, different schemes have been formulated to bring some order to galactic zoo; this has been done through pigeonholing galaxies in relation to one or various properties that include shape, luminosity and spectrum. This section has listed some galaxy classification. Hubble classification The well known and mostly used general scheme of galaxy classification is the Hubble classification. In this classification, galaxies are classified according to how they appear. This system was formulated by Edwin Hubble, and it splits the galaxies into spiral (normal as well as barred), elliptical and irregulars. This scheme is characterized by the well known turning-fork figure. Elliptical galaxies are further grouped from spherical (E0) to highly elongated (E7) in relation to their increasing eccentricity. Generally, spirals vary from Sa (those with arms closely wound) to SBc (those with arms extensively spaced). Irregulars are referred to as Ir. However, Alan Sandage added an extra category to this initial scheme. What was added is S0 for describing lenticular system that has a nucleus that is surrounded by a circle-like structure that does not have spiral arms. Accordingly Buta, Corwin and Odewahn (2002, p, 3) explains that, Galaxies are as well usually termed as ‘early’ for those designated as E and S0 or to be ‘late’ for those designated as Sb, Sb and Irr, in essence this is a remainder of early ideas that galaxies physically evolved alongside the Hubble order. Sadly, this classification is contrary to that of the leading stellar population among these types, and it is also contrary to the early-late classification used in the Yerkes nomenclature. The figure bellow shows some of the galaxy classifications Source: http://www. daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/G/galaxies. html Morgan classification William Morgan also formulated a scheme of classifying galaxies that applies the integrated spectrum of stars and their shapes (apparent and real) together with the degree of the galaxy central concentration. This scheme spells out the galactic spectral form as, a; af; fg; g; gk or k (the letter/s corresponds to the various integrated stellar forms). There are other form used for example, S for spiral; B for barred spiral; E for elliptical structure; L for low surface brightness and N for tiny bright nucleus. Numbers are used to classifying the inclination line of vision, thus, 1 is used for face on while 7 is used for edge-on (numbers 1 to 7 are used). Accordingly, Andromeda Galaxy classification is as kS5 De Vaucouleurs-Sandage classification In this classification, SA designates ordinary spirals, while SB designates barred spirals. Then a lower case s in brackets designates S-shaped spirals. Alternatively r will designate ringed shape. Lastly, various transitional phases have been incorporated between SA spirals and Magellanic irregulars Im. Thus using this classification, Andromeda Galaxy is classified as Sa (s) b. Van den Bergh (DDD) classification This classification comprises two parameters. The first one is galactic type (this are Sa; Sb; Sc and Ir). The second parameter is the luminosity class (designated as I, II, III, IV and V). Just like the MKK structure of stellar luminosity classification, the notations S- as well as S+ are applied to designate sub-giant species that have low or high resolution, correspondingly. S (B) notation has created to designate objects that are intermediate between real spirals and the barred spirals. Conclusion Galaxy classification is very useful since it provides a lot of insight information on physical aspects of galaxies. In classifying galaxies, there are various schemes that are used; however, the scheme formulated by Edwin Hubble though revised over the years still remains the most widely used. Classification of galaxy has laid down the foundation of future study in understanding the galaxies. Through correct classification we gain better understanding of these complex galaxies and indeed of our universe. Reference: Binney, Joseph and Morrison Merrifield: Galactic Astronomy: Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998: pp 34-37 Buta, Ronald; Howard Corwin and Stephen Odewahn: Galaxy classification: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p 2-4 Galaxy Zoo: The Science: Accessed from: http://www. galaxyzoo. org/science on 12/6/2009 Galaxy Zoo (2009): The Story So Far Accessed from: http://www. galaxyzoo. org/story on 12/6/2009 The internet Encyclopedia of science: Galaxy classification: Accessed from: http://www. daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/G/galaxies. html on 12/6/2009

Repressed Childhood Memories or False Memory Syndrome

Repressed Childhood Memories or False Memory Syndrome My descriptive subject will focus on the rising alarm of reports of cases of child sexual abuse that cannot be documented and have questioned the validity of a number of memories of sexual abuse. The areas that will give spotlight too will include the human memory and its multifaceted progressions. We program and encode information in an interesting way such as in audio/ sound form that travels to our short term memory bank. All these memories may cause distortion due to evoking memories that may have taken place in a dream or it simply did not happen at all. A more precise definition of false memory will be shown. How the four stages of memory such as, encoding, retrieval, storage, and recounting processes apply to false/distorted memories? Afterward, the paper will take account of experimentations that have been done on the function of encoding based and retrieval based causes in regards to false memory recognition. The paper will also encompass how memories can be drastically predisposed and influenced by either authority figures, therapists, or by a family member. Eventually, the term repressed memories will come to light in the paper. It will be significant to explain what repressed memories are and how it arrives to ones mind. This will help the reader to understand the correlation between false memories and simply memories. Controversial debates will be brought the issue from one extreme to the other. How one believes that repressed memories are counted for vs. repressed memories is implanted. Ramifications of memory distortion and false memories will be added. Several research and clinical psychologists have raised grave concerns that these activities are fostering the creation of false beliefs and memories that implicate innocent people. Prior to expanding on what is false memory, I believe it is vital to shed some light on working memory and cognitive psychology. The single most central part of growth in cognitive theorization is the segment of memory, which is divided into encoding, storage, and retrieval. It is a scientific system unlike phenomenological methods such as Freuds theories. Cognitive psychology is more intoned with calculation and demonstration of thinking with scientific outputs. Let us delve into, what is working memory? Working memory is sort of like a border perimeter, division of the human memory scheme, which unites transitory storage compartment and operations of information to facilitate understanding through interpretation, instinct, and perception. Following, what is short term memory? Short term memory represents an information cubicle that has not been touched by any sort of manipulation thus far. What is long term memory? Long term memory is different from short term memory and working memory. Information that is stored in the short term memory bank may flow into the long term memory division with rehearsal and consequential association processes. Scientists claim that process of long-term potentiation, which involves a physical change in the structure of neurons, has been proposed as the mechanism by which short-term memories move into long-term storage (Peterson, 1959). Repressed Childhood Memories or False Memory Syndrome? Its time to reflect on how false memory creeps up in adults? Some adults who recover veiled memories of child sexual abuse are said to be associated with false memory syndrome or just simple truth. How does the court system distinguish between false memory syndrome and the truth? A female may argue, for instance, that her father sexually molested her frequently among the ages of 3 and 6. A man may possibly remember that a family member conducted sexual advances on numerous instances while he was about 14 years old. Frequently repressed memories surface during therapy for another problem, perhaps for an eating disorder or depression. Some experts believe that recovered memories are just what they appear to be-horrible memories of abuse that have been buried for years in the persons mind. They point out that at least 200,000 to 300,000 children in the US are victims of sexual abuse each year, terrible experiences that may leave the children vulnerable to dissociative amnesia. Studies in fact suggest that 18 to 59 percent of sexual abuse victims have difficulty recalling at lest some details of their traumas. Other experts believe that the memories are actually illusions false images created by a mind that is confused. I fact, an organization called the False M emory Syndrome Foundation now assists people who claim to be falsely charged with abuse. These theorists note that the details of childhood sexual abuse are usually remembered all too well, not completely wiped from memory. They also point out that memory in general is hardly foolproof. If the alleged recovery of childhood memories is not what it appears to be what is it? According to opponents of the concept, it may be a powerful case of suggestibility. These theorists hold that both the clinical and public attention has led some therapists to make the diagnosis without sufficient evidence. The therapists may actively search for signs of early sexual abuse in clients and even encourage clients to produce repressed memories. Certain therapists in fact use special memory recovery techniques, including hypnosis, regression therapy, journal writhing, dream interpretation, and interpretation of bodily symptoms. Perhaps some clients respond to the techniques by unknowingly forming false memories of abuse. The apparent memories may then become increasingly familiar to them as a result of repeated therapy discussions of the alleged incidents. In short, recovered memories may actually be iatrogenic unintentionally caused by the therapist. Whatever may be the outcome of the repressed memory debate, the problem of childhood sexual abuse appears to be all too real and all too common. The Board of Trustees of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) recently issued a statement in response to the growing concern regarding memories of sexual abuse. In part, the statement says: It is not known what proportion of adults who report memories of sexual abuse were actually abused. Many individuals who recover memories of abuse have been able to find corroborating information about their memories. However, no such information can be found, or is possible to obtain, in some situations. While aspects of the alleged abuse situation, as well as the context in which the memories emerge, can contribute to the assessment, there is no completely accurate way of determining the validity of reports in the absence of corroborating information. (Statement of the APA Board of Trustees, adopted December 12, 1993) References 1). American psychological Association (1994) Interim Report of the APA Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Childhood Abuse, APA (reprinted in Shepards Expert and Scientific Evidence Quarterly, 1994, Vol 2, p 465-467). The American Psychiatric Association has adopted a concern about memories of sexual abuse and the rise of reports that hold no merit. There has been a concern and puzzlement over the likelihood of false accusations. 2). American Psychiatric Association (1993, December 12) Board of Trustees Statement on memories of sexual abuse. The statement reveals that a proportion of adults who made testimonies about their child hood sexual abuses have not been able to provide proof. 3). Andrews, B, Morton, J., Bekerian, D.A., Brewin, C.R., Davies, G.M., Mollon, P. (1995) The recovery of memories in clinical practice. The Psychologist, 8, 209- 214. The authors discuss that memory recovery materialize as a frequent phenomenon. The position that patients declare are not founded on memories of real occurrences. 4). Arndt, J. (2010). The role of memory activation in creating false memories of encoding context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 66-79. doi:10.1037/a0017394. This journal defines present day hypothesis of false memory that advocates two methods in which unites in fabricating false memory. The first one enhances false memory (error-editing processes) and the second experiment using the DRM paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger McDermott, 1995) discovered the influence of manipulating the number of associates studied, study item presentation frequency, backward associative strength, and study time on error-inflating and error-editing processes separately by examining speeded and unspeeded recognition decisions. The outcome of the examinations signified that comprehensive theories of false memory phenomena must propose the existence of two different factors: one that increases false memory and is available early in memory retrieval, and one that usually, but not always, decreases false memory and is available later in retrieval. 5). Arndt, J. (2006). Distinctive information and false recognition: The contribution of encoding and retrieval factors. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(1), 113-130. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.003. In this journal review by Arndt, scientists have conducted four experimentations on the function of encoding-based and retrieval-based causes with the assembly in mind of false recognition. The results of the four experimentations recommend visual features encountered at encoding can become associated with representations of unstudied items and can lead to inflated levels of false recognition when unstudied items are tested in a visual format experienced at encoding or when participants utilize monitoring processes to search memory for evidence of perceptual information encountered during encoding. 6). Gallo, D. (2004). Using Recall to Reduce False Recognition: Diagnostic and Disqualifying Monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(1), 120-128. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.120. In this journal review Gallo, concentrated on reducing false recognition of related lures. Subjects were utilized with instructions given such as; following standard test directions and or following the usage of recalling to reduce false recognition. Results indicated exhaustively recalling a category allowed subjects to disqualify the lure as having occurred, analogous to recall-to-reject demonstrations in other tasks. 7). Gordon, Barry (1995, July 13) Review of The Myth of Repressed Memory. The New England Journal of Medicine, p 133-134. Repressed memory is described as distinct from forgotten memory, or from avoided memory. It is also distinct from any known form of amnesia. Repressed memory, as used by both believers and skeptics, is memory of a historic fact which has left no trace of its framework available to the conscious mind, to the extent that there isnt even any consciousness that there is *something* missing. 8). Hicks, J., Starns, J. (2006). The roles of associative strength and source memorability in the contextualization of false memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(1), 39-53. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.09.004. Hicks investigated the force of associative strength and retrieval heuristics in false source memory with final result discovered and demonstrated that source details of concepts most highly related to critical items are retrieved with false memories. 9). Jones, T. C., Jacoby, L. L. (2001). Feature and conjunction errors in recognition memory: Evidence for dual-process theory. Journal of Memory Language, 45(1), 82-102. doi:10.1006/jmla.2000.2761. This journal investigated the feature and conjunction errors in recognition memory using a dual-process framework. Scientists have conducted four experiments and found that feature and conjunction errors are based on familiarity in the absence of recollection. Investigators have also stated an approach that combines an item-associative distinction with a dual-process framework (e.g.,Yonelinas, 1997) also can account for these errors. 10). Rhoades, Geroge F. (1995) Therapeutic precautions to help prevent false memory allegations. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the International Society for the study of Dissociation, Lake Buena Vista, Fl. Dr. Rhoades explains the risk of working with trauma survivors is the prospect of being sued for implanting false memories. Be sure to document all sessions and do not tell clients that you believe what they are saying is true. Dr. Rhoades gives further precautions for therapist in situations where they are faced with trauma survivors.

The Ultimate Purpose of Learning Essay -- literature, college, challeng

By the time a student reaches college, they would have studied for tens of thousands of hours, both inside and outside of the classroom. They would have studied and memorized countless facts and formulas, from history to science to grammatical rules and languages. However, while most of a student’s time is devoted to digesting this information, they are missing the point of all of this studying. I assert that the ultimate purpose of learning is not to absorb what is being taught, but to master how to learn and how to think for oneself. During my learning observation, I witnessed how the professors of the â€Å"Introduction to World Literature† class taught poetry. They did not require that the students memorize or learn the poems presented. Instead, they individually discussed with each member of the class their thoughts on each of the pieces presented. This engagement required the students to formulate his or her own thoughts on this subject, and then share their opinions with the others in the class. The class emphasized the importance of the individual experience over the subject. From the layout of the classroom to the way the students interacted with the professors, it was clear that the students’ ability to discuss and share their ideas were the focus of the class, not their assimilation of the topics being taught. The way the teachers challenged the students to think and discuss their thoughts on the poems rather than dictacting to them what the teachers thought were important. Besides, a ccording to the syllabus of the course, the biggest portion of the grade is â€Å"short papers†. There is a special rule: first, they need to write short papers in class analyzing the reading materials. Then, after receiving the professor’... ...being challenged and motivated. In conclusion, learning how to learn and think other than blindly accepting and memorizing what we are taught is the key to learning. I see many classmates who are tired of learning and try to escape from the heavy pressure of studying. But this article is not just to remind the leaders and teachers in the education field, but also to show students that learning is very personal and that we should try to learn to think for ourselves. Works Cited Works Cited Lenz, John. Introduction in World Literature. Drew University. Depts. of Classics. Syllabus WLIT 101 2013. Einstein vs. Newton. Thinkquest. Oracle Education Foundation. 29 March 2011. Web. 15 December 2013. Delbanco, Andrew. College: What It Was, Is, and Should Be. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. Print.

United States Budget Deficit Essay -- Research Economics American Hist

United States Budget Deficit "Spending financed not by current tax receipts, but by borrowing or drawing upon past tax reserves." , Is it a good idea? Why does the U.S. run a deficit? Since 1980 the deficit has grown enormously. Some say its a bad thing, and predict impending doom, others say it is a safe and stable necessity to maintain a healthy economy. When the U.S. government came into existence and for about a 150 years thereafter the government managed to keep a balanced budget. The only times a budget deficit existed during these first 150 years were in times of war or other catastrophic events. The Government, for instance, generated deficits during the War of 1812, the recession of 1837, the Civil War, the depression of the 1890s, and World War I. However, as soon as the war ended the deficit would be eliminated and the economy which was much larger than the amounted debt would quickly absorb it. The last time the budget ran a surplus was in 1969 during Nixon’s presidency. Budget deficits have grown larger and more frequent in the last half-century. In the 1980s they soared to record levels. The Government cut income tax rates, greatly increased defense spending, and didn’t cut domestic spending enough to make up the difference. Also, the deep recession of the early 1980s reduced revenues, raising the deficit and forcing the Government to spend much more on paying interest for the national debt at a time when interest rates were high. As a result, the national debt grew in size after 1980. It grew from $709 billion to $3.6 trillion in 1990, only one decade later. .. ...abilities, and deficit money is being wasted. For example two of the largest portions of the budget: defense and social security. Defense spending produces little or nothing except in times of war. Judging by the current status of the United States as the only existing â€Å"Nuclear Super Power† war is not a tangible event in the near or distant future. The way social security is managed creates a huge waste. As managed, social security is money spent to immobilize a large and fairly capable part of the work force. It encourages elderly people not to work by spending deficit money on them. Reducing productivity and increasing the debt at the same time. In its current state the U.S. should attempt to reduce its deficit but eliminating it is not necessary and could do more damage than good.

David Suzuki Essay

David Suzuki is an award-winning environmentalist, scientist and broadcaster. He also dabbles in radio and television series that go into detail about the complexities of the natural sciences in an easy and fascinating way. Finish Intro Paragraph – any tips, mother? David Suzuki is first and foremost, a geneticist. He graduated from Amherst College in 1958 with an honors degree in biology. He moved onto graduate school at the University of Chicago with a PhD in Zoology. Suzuki’s first academic position was an assistant professor in Genetics at the University of Alberta. After his assistant practices at Alberta, he moved on to where he now resides, at the University of British Columbia. David Suzuki has been honored with many awards. In 1972, he was awarded the E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship for being an outstanding research scientist under the age of thirty-five and he held that award for three years straight. He won many academic awards and holds twenty-five honorary degrees in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Suzuki has written fifty-two books, including nineteen children books. He wrote a textbook, in 1976, named An Introduction to Genetic Analysis that is the most widely used genetics textbook in the United States. This book has been translated into many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, Greek, Indonesian, Arabic, French, and German. Suzuki has not only tinkered around in writing, but broadcasting as well. In 1974, he developed and hosted a science program called Quirks and Quarks that was displayed on CBC radio for four years. Since then, he has presented two documentary CBC radio series relating to the environment, named It’s a Matter of Survival and From Naked Ape to Superspecies. His national television debut began with CBC in 1971 when he wrote and hosted his two season series, Suzuki on Science. He created and hosted a number of television specials, and in 1979, he became of host of The Nature of Things with David Suzuki, which rewarded him with numerous awards. He participated in a series, A Planet for the Taking, which won an award from the United Nations. In 2002, he received an award for his broadcasting excellence. David Suzuki is also a world leader in sustainable ecology. He is the recipient of many world-known prizes and medals, and has been granted with the Right Livelihood Award, which is known as the Alternative Nobel Prize. Not only has he received awards and presented series, but also he has co-founded his own Foundation. Suzuki felt as  though he was just â€Å"a messenger telling people about the crisis that is happening† and that he didn’t have any solutions (Suzuki 219). As he was working on making people more aware, he was receiving feedback of people feeling motivated from his words. With this feedback, Suzuki realized that he â€Å"had a responsibility to suggest potential answers† (Suzuki 220). With the help of Tara Cullis, an award-winning writer and former professor at Harvard University, the David Suzuki Foundation was instituted on September 14th, 1990. The goals of the Foundation are to protect the climate, create livable communities, establish environmental rights and justice, transform the economy, connect with nature, and build the community. The David Suzuki Foundation has worked with doctors to fight for clean air, published energy solutions, brought voices from NHL hockey players and Olympic Skiers to advocate for going carbon neutral, helped governments ban pesticides, protected species at risk, researched contaminants in farmed salmon, and worked with chefs to switch to sustainable seafood. The Foundation has even addressed economics, assessing the value of greenbelts (an area which is kept and reserved to ensure that there is open space), farmland, and other ecological services, and published a guide on how businesses can shrink their environmental impact. Nat ure sustains the economy. At least that is what Herman Daly, a senior economist at World Bank and teacher at University of Maryland’s School of Public Affairs, states in David Suzuki’s (and Holly Dressel’s) book, From Naked Ape to Superspecies. Daly states that, â€Å"’you sacrifice some of the natural system when you convert it into man-made things’† (Dressel and Suzuki ?). There needs to be a balance between the costs and benefits. In the past, there hasn’t been a focus on that balance. A cause of this unbalance and sacrificing lays with corporations. In Professor Brad Howard’s Journalism 190 class, the movie, The Corporation, was assigned for the students to watch. The Corporation is a Canadian documentary film that examines the modern-day corporation. The corporation is legally bound to put its bottom line ahead of everything, even the public good. In From Naked Ape to Superspecies, corporations are explained from a variety of sources. Jane Ann Morris, a corporate anthologist who works with a group called Program on Corporations, Law, and Democracy, stated that corporations have squeezed themselves into democracy, replacing the human persons. Even though the corporations are not people, they have been given  the same rights. The corporations are â€Å"reducing the rights of humans† (Suzuki and Dressel ?) and putting itself ahead of the people. According to the textbook in Brad’s class, The Problem of the Media by McChesney, â€Å"corporate societies† or â€Å"corporations† are corporate bodies that are legally authorized to act as a single individual. Brad assigned an academic journal for us to read, called Corporations, Democracy, and the Public Good by Stephen Barley. Barley states a thesis about the republic, â€Å"people are now separated from their representatives by an asteroid belt of organizations and among the most powerful of these are corporations and their trade associations† (Barley 203). In an interview with Lynette Thorstensen in Habitat Australia, David Suzuki stated that this situation with the corporations is not beyond the people’s grasp just yet. What is needed to occur are regulations and controls on the global level. An example that Suzuki provides is if a multinational company was found to be profiting through the dumping of wastes, the company should be fined to such a degree that continuing to behave like a pirate would cost more than the actual profit. Suzuki thinks that we need to keep the corporations exposed. David Suzuki is related to journalism and corporations, or at least his opinions are. Sustainable ecology is related to journalism and corporations. David Suzuki is a world leader in sustainable ecology. In order for the environment to be protected, the government needs to be involved. In order for the government to prosper, the environment needs to be cared for. As an environmental enthusiast, I had no clue that corporations played such a crucial role in the environment issues. Not only was I unaware about how the corporations were linked with environment issues, but I did not know that David Suzuki had ever addressed it. I think that’s something that Brad has tried to include in the class – corporations and their hiding. The reason I didn’t know corporations were involved in this issue, was because corporations influence the media and by their influence, they wish to be invisible in their link with th ese issues. Framing is what they call it. Framing is where a news media puts the shareholders first. If a corporation invests in a news media, the media shapes the information being shared and how we see topics/issues. So, I didn’t get to see the corporation’s influences, since they didn’t want the public to see them. Framing is a popular topic in Brad’s class. The media  frames issues all over the place. So once I discovered that issue among David Suzuki’s research, my mind was opened and aware. I think it all brings a new light to David Suzuki. Not only does David Suzuki care about the environment and protecting it, he cares about the impact of the government and corporations. David Suzuki †¦ any tips for the conclusion, mother?

Couture Fashion’s Chinese Connection

Executive summary In this case, there are two major problems that I can analyzed. Firstly, Kaki and Houdini which are two of major loyal customers of Couture Fashions Bad (HCI)'s were writing to Jeffrey to inform him that they may looking to China to â€Å"contract manufacture† for them as the prices there were very competitive. Second, the previous adverse perception of â€Å"Made in China† labels had slowly changed as China now manufactured clothes that are higher quality at substantially lower operating costs.There were some recommendation that are going to implemented which are raptors to expand to China, proposal to close down Hess factories in Malaysia and Thailand or manufacturing its own label for Malaysian and Sean market. Statement of Problems HCI may lose their big major loyal customers which is Kaki and Houdini as they may looking to China to â€Å"contract manufacture† for them as the prices there is cheaper. Apart from that, nowadays China was produ ce high quality product with cheaper price so then makes the perception of people about the â€Å"made in China† goods changed to a good view.This is because of the labor cost in China is cheaper rather Han Malaysia. HCI now is very confusing to make decision but based on the problems they have to make accurate decision. According to these problems they have to deeply make consideration of their short term and long terms decision. As far as I am concerned, the short term problem is HCI may lose their big major loyal customers which is Kaki and Houdini. For long term, they may face a very big loss and no wonder if their company will go for bankruptcy as Kaki and Houdini may become the benchmark for other customers that are rely on Hess company.Other customers may assume that HCI does not maintain its reputation and that is why Kaki and Houdini are quit from keep doing â€Å"contract manufacture† with HCI. As it shows a bad benchmark to other customer, it may cause other customers quit from HCI. As a decision, I agree if HCI still operate it existing company but doing Joint venture in China. Causes of problems There is some cause or problems that cause Kaki and Houdini may switch doing â€Å"contract manufacture† from HCI to China which is they can save their financial sources a lot as they will get cheaper supply from China rather than what was offered by HCI.Apart from that, in 1997 Malaysia had face economic downturn and fluctuation or currency exchange. Rather than buying with higher price, Kaki and Houdini may get some more loses in currency exchange. To make an accurate decision, I prefer HCI to use PESTLE theory. PESTLE is divided into six categories which are political, economic, social, technology, ecological, and legal. Based on political and legal, to build new factory in China is not an easy way as HCI have to get he permission from the government and also have to fully understand and follow the rules and regulation to incept new factory in China.So it may take a very long period to face all the procedures. In term of economic, HCI may get lack of financial resources to build new factory as not confirm can sell both of their existing companies. Even they can sell both it is still not enough to incur all the cost to build new factory in China. Based on social view, HCI may lose their specialist once they move to China as some of them may not want to leave Malaysia which is their country. To find new specialist in China is not easy and may incur a big cost as HCI have to train them well to become professional enough.Their current workers also may lose Job as they will be layoff if HCI close their current company and move to China. In term of ecological, by building new factory it may cause pollution to the environment, so it relates to the government policy, rules and regulations. HCI may build a factory but in rural area that may cause the shipping cost to send all the goods to its customer become higher. In addition, from technological view, I can see hat in China the technology is different from Malaysia, so HCI once again have to incur a big cost to train all the workers with new technology.Decision Criteria and Alternative Solutions Based on the problems and alternative solution, I am totally agree if HCI still continue its operation in Malaysia but in the same time doing Joint venture with any other strong and well known company in China. This is because by doing Joint venture HCI will not incur a lot of cost rather than doing Greenfield which is building a new factory there. Apart from that, by doing Joint venture OVA) with well-known company, it is easy for HCI to find new prospect of customers from China thus in the same time HCI can increase their customers.If HCI want to build new factory, it may incur a lot of cost and if HCI want to manufacture its own label for Malaysian and Sean market, it is hard to brand new label and incur a lot of cost too as they have to advertise it new label. Recommended Solution, Implementation and Justification As a conclusion, I am totally agree if Jeffery Echoing continue it operation in Malaysia UT in the same time doing Joint venture with strong and well known company in China.To ensure that HCI not lose their current big major loyal customers which is Kaki and Houdini, HCI have to as soon as possible doing Joint venture with China. By doing Joint venture, HCI can directly continue operation in China without need to comply with government policy, legal restriction and tax if they are build new factory. They Just continue follow the regulation of its Joint venture partner. Once again I am totally agree if HCI doing Joint venture and still continue its existing operation.

Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi â€Å"To make justice visible in the land to destroy the wicked person and the evil-doer, that the strong might not injure the weak. † The Code of Hammurabi was a law code written by King Hammurabi. The code was carved in a black pillar and was placed in a temple. This was so the entire village had knowledge of it. It was written sometime between 1792 to 1750 B. C. E. and was partly based off of the Code of Lipit-Ishtar.People in the 1700’s were punished, although punishments weren’t meant to exceed the crime, women had less rights and lower social standing then men, and they highly valued family. â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth,† represents a harsh sense of justice based on revenge. King Hammurabi made his laws this way to prevent crimes from happening. Once a person knew penalty of a crime the likelihood of the person committing a crime greatly decreased. Also, he wanted this all people were not viewed as equals.The punishments for the same crime committed by a free man versus a slave were incredibly harsher towards the slave. â€Å"If a man knocked out the tooth of a man that is equal his tooth shall be knocked out,† whereas if a slave had knocked out the tooth of a free man he would have to pay one third of mina of silver. King Hammurabi may have wanted quality but he did not achieve it through his laws. Woman may have played important roles in the Babylonian society, but they certainty were not treated this way.The Hammurabi Code is extremely gender bias towards women, the laws were meant to control the woman in the society. Women were viewed more as an arranged contract between the woman’s father and her suitor. â€Å"If a man has taken a wife and has not executed a marriage contract, that woman is not his wife. † If a wife is caught cheating in the act she can be strangled or become her husbands’ slave, whereas if a husband is caught cheating he has to pay said wife. Clearly, women were treated unfairly compared to men in this society.These laws were considered family laws. Family was the basic unit of daily life. Laws required deep respect towards parents. â€Å"If a son struck his father, his hands shall be cut off. † Hammurabi Code forbids incest. It states â€Å"if a man has committed incest with his daughter, that men shall be banished from the city. † Babylonian Society was very concerned about gender, class, and family. Women were viewed more as possessions then people. Women didn’t get to pick their husband; their father chose and made the arrangements with their future husband.A white male had a higher standing in society than a black man. If a white man and a black man committed the same crime, the black man would face worse consequences. You cannot disown your children legally, unless the said child committed a grave misdemeanor. The most concerned problem for Babylonian society was people lying in trial to a Judge. In most cases punishment for this was death, a serious problem that results in a serious punishment. The Code of Hammurabi showed the types of crimes they had thousands of years ago.

Alienation in the 21st Century Is Rife

Alienation in the 21st century is rife. Discuss For| Against| Social networking sites such as facebook, MSN etcSocial networking sites have a profound ability to easily exclude people by specifically targeting certain groups within a community or society. People can at times feel left out or easily targeted when others make unnecessary comments and many friendships or relationships can deteriorate as a result of the great influence it has on people’s social lives. People are also losing basic social skills as a result, and are becoming heavily reliant on the simple services provided by the internet to communicate basic messages. People are also lacking sympathy and empathy, slowly becoming more and more self- absorbed. This is also reiterated through the rise of commercial happiness (found through materialistic objects)Cultural alienation Alienation between people of different cultures can lead to terrorism, racial and cultural prejudice and pre-determined assumptions and stereotypes of a particular ethnic group. People can also form groups in a community which, although may bring some together, can alienate people who don’t belong to a particular culture or ethnicity. Alienation between generations Newer generations and older generations differ greatly from one another in many ways including language, values and societal morals. As a result many people may feel alienated when communicating or interacting with other people. Eg: baby boomers vs. generation YAlienation by languageAustralian colloquialism and vernacular can often exclude and alienate people of different ethnic backgrounds. Language used within different suburbs, states and age groups can alienate people. (eg: eshayz, tomozza)Religious alienationAlienation among people of different religious beliefs can lead to terrorism, prejudice, violence and feelings of exclusion. Religious gatherings such as youth groups at institutions like churches can lead to people feeling alienated. | MulticulturalismAwareness and acceptance of other cultures is more apparent within our own society, cultural relativism (not judging another culture by the standards of your own). The integration of cultures within our society through holidays, festivals, art, language, music, film, entertainment, etc has an immense impact on the community as a whole. Social networking sites such as facebook, MSN etcSocial networking sites can also bring people closer together in the way that everybody is connected to another person somehow. It is, in a sense, a virtual community. ————————————————- ————————————————- Different social classes/ statusPeople of different social classes can often be prejudiced and discriminated against which can often lead to changing values and treatment among people. FamilyDue to the prominence of work and technology, family life is often strained and relationships between members can be challenged and constricted. There is no longer a sense of belonging in families and not many people feel ‘together’ as a result. Instead technological objects seem to be consistent within family life and many seem connected to these as opposed to their fellow family members. This is largely due to the shifting times in our community. |

My Favorite Actor Tom Hanks

My Favorite Actor I never thought about that actor I liked but after analyzing it I think the actor that I like and that caught my attention since I was young is Tom Hanks because he was a collogue student that seemed to have no future in acting and he was not very good on his classes in theater, I leaned that he was born in Concord California his childhood was like a normal kid with, divorced parents his father was descendant of British and his mom Portuguese descent.Hanks was a very shy boy, so the theater classes in high school were as a refuge since he was not popular in school. Interestingly later he continued in theater while studying in California Chabot College. He had no acting experience in college and, in fact, credits the fact that he couldn't get cast in a college play with actually starting his career. He went downtown, auditioned for a community theater play, was invited by the director of that play to go to Cleveland, and there his acting career started.His first TV s how â€Å"Bosom Buddies† (1980) where he meet his second wife the actrees Rita Wilson. I still remember when I went to the cinema to see this film â€Å"Splash† seemed formidable. I still remember the beautiful mermaid, in those years I found it in credible. I also want to mention that seemed to me something like that with the hit movie â€Å"Big,† â€Å"Joe Versus the Volcano† or â€Å"Bachelor Party† (these last two do not remember very well but they were commented in the 80's)Tom Hanks was typecast in the roll of movies comic actor or light and family, no one thought that was going to perform as well in a role as â€Å"Philladelphia† in the role of a gay man dying of AIDS is very well played, was really very believable the character that Tom Hanks in this role that I play in Philladelphia, again showed his acting discipline to lose weight for characterization, to show a man really damaged by this terrible disease.Another famous movie .. w here he showed his great talent as an actor was â€Å"Forrest Gump† Fascinate how developing the role of a man with some level of mental retardation, the posture, the faces, the accent. Simply stunning. I also learned that after filming â€Å"The Green Mille† filmed the first part of the movie â€Å"Cast Away† then began a strict diet after which lost more than 30 pounds of weight, grew a beard and began a process of tanning to continue filming.This information seemed important to emphasize that not only is the dress up for memorizing dialogues and act but also how hard it to be the be on diets either to lower or raise a character to represent adequately. Certainly caught my attention in this movie than most of it we see only one man talking to a volley ball (Wilson is unforgettable) Almost the entire sequence of the island, no background music you hear only the sound of the sea. The island is totally inhospitable boring and lonely.Hanks is capable of a performa nce in which not need anything more than himself hallucinating talking to Wilson. To maintain the film in a high level. of a meticulous man . The viewer really believe when he is afraid and the things he does with his character of a meticulous man, when he goes crazy for the toothache, when sick of being alone, when he has the look of a hermit and hardened man, when mourning the loss a human symbol†¦ In my view his work was very well done. My Favorite Actor Tom Hanks My Favorite Actor I never thought about that actor I liked but after analyzing it I think the actor that I like and that caught my attention since I was young is Tom Hanks because he was a collogue student that seemed to have no future in acting and he was not very good on his classes in theater, I leaned that he was born in Concord California his childhood was like a normal kid with, divorced parents his father was descendant of British and his mom Portuguese descent.Hanks was a very shy boy, so the theater classes in high school were as a refuge since he was not popular in school. Interestingly later he continued in theater while studying in California Chabot College. He had no acting experience in college and, in fact, credits the fact that he couldn't get cast in a college play with actually starting his career. He went downtown, auditioned for a community theater play, was invited by the director of that play to go to Cleveland, and there his acting career started.His first TV s how â€Å"Bosom Buddies† (1980) where he meet his second wife the actrees Rita Wilson. I still remember when I went to the cinema to see this film â€Å"Splash† seemed formidable. I still remember the beautiful mermaid, in those years I found it in credible. I also want to mention that seemed to me something like that with the hit movie â€Å"Big,† â€Å"Joe Versus the Volcano† or â€Å"Bachelor Party† (these last two do not remember very well but they were commented in the 80's)Tom Hanks was typecast in the roll of movies comic actor or light and family, no one thought that was going to perform as well in a role as â€Å"Philladelphia† in the role of a gay man dying of AIDS is very well played, was really very believable the character that Tom Hanks in this role that I play in Philladelphia, again showed his acting discipline to lose weight for characterization, to show a man really damaged by this terrible disease.Another famous movie .. w here he showed his great talent as an actor was â€Å"Forrest Gump† Fascinate how developing the role of a man with some level of mental retardation, the posture, the faces, the accent. Simply stunning. I also learned that after filming â€Å"The Green Mille† filmed the first part of the movie â€Å"Cast Away† then began a strict diet after which lost more than 30 pounds of weight, grew a beard and began a process of tanning to continue filming.This information seemed important to emphasize that not only is the dress up for memorizing dialogues and act but also how hard it to be the be on diets either to lower or raise a character to represent adequately. Certainly caught my attention in this movie than most of it we see only one man talking to a volley ball (Wilson is unforgettable) Almost the entire sequence of the island, no background music you hear only the sound of the sea. The island is totally inhospitable boring and lonely.Hanks is capable of a performa nce in which not need anything more than himself hallucinating talking to Wilson. To maintain the film in a high level. of a meticulous man . The viewer really believe when he is afraid and the things he does with his character of a meticulous man, when he goes crazy for the toothache, when sick of being alone, when he has the look of a hermit and hardened man, when mourning the loss a human symbol†¦ In my view his work was very well done.

Crime Causation and Diversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime Causation and Diversion - Essay Example In the end, they opt to take their behaviour in the society (Rubin, 2009). Moreover, juvenile delinquent behaviours could also be attributed to race. Black Americans and Mexicans youths engage in more delinquent behaviours due to their social class and deep rooted culture of violence. Adolescents in wanting to feel recognized in the society, engage in adult activities to corrupt their behaviour (Rubin, 2009). Following a rise of incidences of juvenile delinquency, a number of juvenile interventions programs became introduced in the state where I live. The two intervention programs commonly used in the state encompass the Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service (IDDS) and the Teen Court (Rubin, 2009). These intervention programs became founded to help reduce juvenile crimes in the area through a number of interventions they provide. These programs help model youth offenders with an aim of preventing them to become adult offenders in the future (Rubin, 2009). Q. 2 Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service aims at preventing young offenders from growing into chronic and adult offenders in future (Rubin, 2009). ... Teen courts hence prosecute youth offenders with minor offenders through the help of other offenders in order to give them a near experience of how the court in the real world would be like. Q. 3 The key participants in these programs involve all females and males under the age of 18 years with a history of delinquent behaviour (Rubin, 2009). Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service for instance often enrolls youths engaged in first offense at an age of 15 or less, children involved in truancy, poor school performance, and children that lack of parental supervision, children having substance abuse problems plus those affiliated to gangs (Rubin, 2009). Participants in Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service often are providing a wider scope for the program to function through capturing and correcting youth offenders before worsening to adult offenders (Rubin, 2009). The key participants in the Teen Courts entail youth offenders under the age of 18 years and judged by their peers. These courts often have youth volunteers to judge their peers (Rubin, 2009). Q. 4 Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service often provides a number of services to the juvenile offenders (Rubin, 2009). They include mental health or substance abuse counselling, curfews, doing community service, restitution to the affected victims, writing of letters of apology, forfeiture of driver’s license, and avoidance of contact with co-defendants, peers that encouraged the child into the given delinquent behaviour (Rubin, 2009). In teen courts, youth offenders become provided with firsthand experience of how the courts will be. The program helps in sentencing youths for minor delinquent behaviour and provision of sanctions to the offenders through a peer driven sentencing mechanism

U10a2 Life Cycle of the Stars Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U10a2 Life Cycle of the Stars Paper - Essay Example Astronomers can determine the mass, age, chemical composition and many other properties of a star by observing its spectrum, luminosity and motion through space. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star are determined by its evolutionary history, including diameter, rotation, movement and temperature. A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities, known as a Hertzprung-Russell diagrams (H–R diagram), allows the age and evolutionary state of a star to be determined. Stellar evolution is the process by which a star undergoes a sequence of radical changes during its lifetime. Depending on the mass of the star, this lifetime ranges from only a few million years (for the most massive) to trillions of years (for the least massive, which is considerably more than the age of the universe). Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star, as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected, even over many centuries. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at the various points in their life, and by simulating stellar structure with computer models. Stellar Evolution: A nebula is a cloud of gas (hydrogen) and dust in space. Nebulae are the birthplaces of stars. There are different types of nebula. An Emission Nebula which glows brightly because the gas in it is energized by the stars that have already formed within it. In a Reflection Nebula, starlight reflects on the grains of dust in a nebula. The nebula surrounding the Pleiades Cluster is typical of a reflection nebula. Dark Nebula also exists. These are dense clouds of molecular hydrogen which partially or completely absorb the light from stars behind them. 1st stage of a stars life: PROTOSTAR Stellar evolution begins with the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud (GMC). As it collapses, a GMC breaks into smaller and small er pieces. In each of these fragments, the collapsing gas releases gravitational potential energy as heat. As its temperature and pressure increase, a fragment condenses into a rotating sphere of superhot gas known as a prostar. Protostars with masses less than roughly 0.08Â  M (1.6?1029 kg) never reach temperatures high enough for nuclear fusion of hydrogen to begin. These are known as brown dwarfs. For a more massive prostar, the core temperature will eventually reach 10 million kelvins, initiating the proton-proton chain reaction and allowing hydrogen to fuse, first to deuterium and then to helium. The onset of nuclear fusion leads relatively quickly to a hydrostatic equilibrium in which energy released by the core exerts a "radiation pressure" balancing the weight of the star's matter, preventing further gravitational collapse. The star thus evolves rapidly to a stable state, beginning the main sequence phase of its evolution. A new star will fall at a specific point on the mai n sequence of the Hertzprung-Russell diagrams, with the main sequence spectral type depending upon the mass of the star. Small, relatively cold, low mass red dwarfs burn hydrogen slowly and will remain on the main sequence for hundreds of billions of years, while massive, hot super giants will leave the main sequence after just a few million years. A mid-sized star like the Sun will remain on the main sequence for about 10 billion years. . A star of less than about 0.5 solar mass will

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 12

Marketing - Essay Example Eventually, the product got to the stage of market development where the parent company described its target market, the market share, the sales, planned value proposition, and their profit goals. Finally, McDonald carried out a business analysis on the product through a review of its profit projections, costs, and sales to define if it fits into their company objectives. After this stage, the product was pushed to the product development, where they created McLobster. They consulted specialists in seafood. Finally, McDonald performed their test marketing by bringing McLobster, as well as its marketing program, into the real market conditions. At this point, they offered McLobster to its target market at particular locations. Test marketing for a company like McDonald is quite easy since they experimented with a product like McLobster at their own restaurants by carrying out local and small promotions and offering it under â€Å"NEW† on the menu. However, McLobster was not profitable enough for McDonalds to commercialize it, although, it is given as a seasonal product (Mills 35). Cited as one of the most notorious brand missteps of all, it was launched buy Coca Cola in the mid-80s in an attempt to stay ahead of its competitors during the famous â€Å"cola wars†. It was introduced in a way that made regular coke drinkers feel like they did not matter to the company, which led to a product boycott (Haig 23). This cola was introduced in the early in 90s and had no lime/lemon flavor unlike other clear and carbonated drinks, although it also did not possess the usual flavor prevalent in colas either. The soda, despite an expensive and glitzy media campaign, failed to catch. They lost millions trying to guess at straws and have not fully recovered yet (Haig 40). This error has informed most competitors not to change acceptable norms like cola colors. This burger was launched by McDonalds at a cost estimated

Security Frameworks Comparison Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Frameworks Comparison - Case Study Example Therefore, COBIT acts as a supporting toolset that enables managers to bridge the gap between technical issues, control requirements and business risks. The business orientation of the Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology consists of linking business goals to IT goals, providing maturity and metric models to measure their success and identifying the associated obligations of business and Information Technology process owners. The unique nature of COBIT is that: its focus is illustrated through a process model that subdivides Information Technology into 4 domains and 34 processes in line with the responsibility areas of planning, developing, running and monitoring, providing the much needed view of IT (Brand, 2007). Founded in the year 1901, the National Institute of Standards and Technology is one of the US oldest physical science laboratories. NIST measurements support the smallest of technologies to the largest and most complex of human made creations. Much of its developed technology ranges from earthquake resistant skyscrapers to wide-body jetliners to world wide communication networks. The lab assists the industry in the development of technology that helps in: improving product quality, modernization of the manufacturing processes and facilitation of rapid commercialization of products based on current scientific discoveries (NIST monograph, 1900). Data security standard (PCIDSS) is one of the security standards offered by PCI security standards council. The PCI data security standard (PCI DSS) provides an actionable framework for building a full-bodied payment card data security process which comprise of detection, prevention and appropriate reaction to security incidents. Data Security Standard (PA-DSS) was developed to help in provision of definitive data standard for software vendors that develop payment applications. Its

Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Consumerism - Essay Example In America a child spends averagely 10 700 minutes in a week watching advertisements. There are so many advertisements aired daily in America convincing people to buy products from different companies. This is mainly because America is a hyper-consumerist society. An advertisement not only helps companies in product promotion but also gives a new perception about shopping. The advertisement tends to make people believe that shopping is about happiness. Therefore many consumers become obsessed with shopping believing it brings self-happiness (OGuinn et al. 283). The truth of the matter is that happiness is realized even if it is for a while. The good thing is that there is creation of more and more companies, more goods as well as job opportunities. This in turn helps in the growth of the United States economy. Most of the advertisements also are directed by children. Business Corporation uses the nagging idea. This is whereby the corporations use children in their advertisements. In turn the children watching the advertisements will nag their parents into buying the new product. Consumerism has also promoted better housing as compared to some years back. People are also buying more sophisticated home theatre systems, cars as well as clothes (Dwyer 23-46). Consumerism if not well looked at can be a problem to environmental sustainability. Planet earth cannot support the American style of consumption in every nation. There is need for magnitude change in consumption patterns among consumers behavior in buying items. Consumers need to stop buying too many toys and base their consumption on non-renewable resources. However, hyper- consumerism brings up many questions. One of the main questions is the use of money. Toys are bought using money, the money used to buy the toys take time to earn (Veblen 1). Most of the people in the contemporary American society, spend most of their times

Literary History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literary History - Assignment Example America was founded largely by Protestant dissenters where most of them had some form of experience with religious persecution. The founders strived not to make that same mistake again. The separated the church from the state so that everybody will be able to seek justice under the law. Regular religious fellowship sustainably benefits family and the general life of people in America. It is evident that frequent attendance of services and religious meetings is associated with a good and happy life. It can also be related to good parent child relationship. In addition, cases of divorce, children born out of wedlock and extramarital sex are significantly reduced among families that worship regularly. Given the fact that the family is the rock of the society, the benefit of religion are extremely significant. The strong families who have a solid foundation in their religion will resonate the good attribute to the society. This will also benefit the community as well as they will be able to build a strong connection with their neighbour and help to improve the life status of each other in many ways. The fact that the church and the state are recognized as separate states has helped to protect the uprightness in the United States. If there are any lessons that countries that have merged the state and religion is hypocrisy, coercion, and violence (Fraker 90). A classical example is what took place in Pennsylvania that led to the holy experiment. Forced religion is not advisable. America model of freedom of religion, in which no religion or religious group gets any form of favouritism or government support has proved to show the real essence of religion. It is a clear indication that the religious organization must solely rely on their own resources to meet their needs. The religious ideals and institutions have been a key factor to the social reform and movement throughout the American history. Catholics, Orthodox believers and Evangelicals have always been on the fo re front at every major decision or social movement that took place in America. For example, the Catholics and the Evangelicals have fought for the abolition of child labour, welfare reforms and women suffrage. These religious groups have been recognized as one of the most influential among various human right communities. They have also formed a coalition with other lobby groups like global Aids to offer support for both affected and infected. Religious groups have also been on the forefront to condemn social injustices like genocide and women and child trafficking. Charity in America has been closely linked with religion. Research has shown a strong connection between religious organization and charitable offerings. From time in memorial, religious institutions in America have been the main source of aid or social service in the community. Examples of religious organization that have offered constant assistance to the less fortunate, provided medical assistance to the sick include World Vision and Mother Teresa Foundation. Over 3000,000 churches in American have at least one program or strategy that they have put in place by contributing money each year to help the needy and poor. Religion has played a major part in liberty and appreciation of human rights in America. The numerous christen ideas have played a major role in making this country a liberal state. The American founders can