Men in Othello Essay

It has been observed that men in Othello are portrayed as being incapable of selfless love. Discuss the ways in which this could be regarded as a feminist play. â€Å"Othello† is a tragedy written in 1603 by William Shakespeare, whose writing reflected his concerns with the universal theme of love. It deals with the love between a father and a daughter, a husband and wife and in addition also the relationship between a man and a prostitute. The main focus for this theme is the portrayal of men and their inability to love selflessly. In response Shakespeare’s female characters represent a direct challenge to dominant patriarchal authority. Consequently â€Å"Othello† can be regarded from a modern critical perspective as a feminist play. In â€Å"Othello† Shakespeare presents women as the victims of patriarchal society. Brabantio, a Venetian Senator, promoting control and order, sees Desdemona as a passive goddess and his property, â€Å"Stol’n from me, and corrupted†. These words reveal his views on women and their status. Iago’s reference to Desdemona’s elopement â€Å"you’re robbed† highlights the similarities in the way that both characters treat women. Iago insinuates that Brabantio’s property has been taken away from him. When Brabantio admonishes Roderigo stating, â€Å"My daughter is not for thee† the audience begin to understand that Desdemona is not only his daughter but she is also his possession. Clearly Jacobean England would sympathise with Brabantio viewing the elopement as an act against patriarchy and denying a father the right to marry off his daughter as he sees fit. A modern audience however would find it difficult to identify with a character who is materialistic in his attitude towards his daughter. He describes Desdemona as a â€Å"jewel† which shows that he sees her as a passive goddess who has been apprehended by a â€Å"thief†. The Duke deals with the elopement with restraint representing a judicious state. He responds to Brabantio with rationality † This is no proof† and urges Brabantio to reconcile himself to the marriage. A less positive interpretation of the Duke however might argue that private affairs do not concern him; his priorities lie with stopping the Turks from invading Cyprus. Venetian patriarchal society can be seen as one that patronises women and defines them in terms of their physical beauty â€Å"the guttered rocks opon men will fall†, expressing the idea that beautiful women are possessed by the natural elements. This society closely resembles Jacobean England. Emilia is arguably the voice of feminism in the play. She deals with reality unlike Desdemona, and voices a practical view of men, â€Å"They are all but stomachs†¦.They eat us hungerly and when they are full They belch us†, presenting the idea that most men show their true colours after a few years of marriage. At the start of the play Emilia is ostensibly loyal and obedient, however, this changes and by the end of the play she becomes the voice of reason that stops Iago’s evil progress. Emilia believes that women are individuals who have desires just as men, showing her realistic approach to life. She is not afraid to voice her opinions and in turn dies for her faith in womanhood, â€Å"Let husbands know Their wives have sense like them†. Patriarchal tyranny is explored as Emilia accuses men of â€Å"Throwing restraint upon us†, showing that women are cut off from freedom. Emilia teaches Desdemona that letting men realise that a woman is in control could potentially end in devastation. Whilst talking to Desdemona, Emilia shifts from prose to blank verse to deliver a serious message, â€Å"It is their husbands’ fault if wives do fall†, highlights men’s negligence and revealing her realistic view of adultery. To a modern audience she would be perceived as a pragmatic role model for women, however in a Jacobean society, Emilia would be seen as trying to encourage women to go against their husbands. Shakespeare conveys a class difference between Emilia and Desdemona through their speech. When Emilia, Iago and Desdemona discuss Othello’s description of Desdemona, â€Å"that cunning whore†. Desdemona can barely utter the word â€Å"whore†, conveying her innocence. Emilia shows signs of authorative experience whilst comparatively Desdemona is presented as being naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and sheltered; the product of a Venetian elite that protects its women, due to social class. It is Desdemona’s naivety that makes her vulnerable whereas Emilia is able to stand up to Iago at the end at a price. A feminist reader would be interested in Emilia’s fate. In Jacobean society women were seen as child bearers and objects of male desire. Shakespeare has incorporated this idea in the role of Bianca, a vulnerable woman who like Desdemona is abused by men. â€Å"I must be circumstanced†, this shows Bianca to be a woman who accepts the conditions placed upon her by men. Sandra Clark at a sovereign lecture argued, â€Å"Her treatment at the hands of a misogynistic society reflects more broadly how women are victimed by men’s sexual hypocrisy†. Clark tries to convey the idea that in Jacobean society women were judged on a reputation that could easily be distorted by men. She suffers at the hands of social hypocrisy, as it is the men who visit her that condemn her â€Å"She’ll rail in the streets else†. Bianca is accused of killing Cassio as her appearance â€Å"gastness of her eye† is used by society as an admission of her guilt, however, due to her status and lack of power she cannot claim her innocence. Cassio does not want society to associate him with Bianca as he says that he does not want Othello to see him â€Å"womaned†, implying her insignificance as a woman in Venetian society and revealing disparaging attitudes. In â€Å"Othello†, Bianca is the weakest woman so it is ironic that she is the sole woman survivor. It can be construed that she survives because she is marginalized to the point of being completely insignificant. Infact she does not pose a threat to anyone. Desdemona, however poses a threat to white patriarchal society, as through miscegenation all heirs would be polluted and therefore towards the end of the play she is killed. Emilia is a threat to Iago’s plan and challenges his anti feminist perspective. Shakespeare in his writing seems to be saying that those women who voice their opinions and do wrong by their husbands are annihilated. In a patriarchal society â€Å"women are regulated to the bottom of the social hierarchy as weak and faithless† (Felicity Currie). According to the Jacobean chain of being the devil worked its way up the social hierarchy, through women hence the intense fear of witches. Women who were rebellious in a patriarchal society were seen as being under the influence of the devil. On many occasions Othello calls Desdemona a â€Å"devil†. Her name has connotations of the word demon. Ironically neither one is a devil, the real devil is Iago. Desdemona is a complex character. Audiences across history have responded to her representation of womanhood very differently. Desdemona appears to be both submissive and independent. When confronting her father it could be argued that Desdemona is given a voice, â€Å"What would you, â€Å"Desdemona†. Brabantio portrays his daughter as being innocent and submissive, â€Å"Is there not charms By which the property of youth and maidhood May be abused†. However, we see a dramatic change as she openly declares that she is ready for sexual intercourse, â€Å"The rites for which I love him are bereft me†. Desdemona is assertive when verbally attacked by Othello. â€Å"I took you for that cunning whore of Venice†. In contrast Desdemona’s portrayal of herself â€Å"No, as I am a Christian†¦Ã¢â‚¬  expresses a conventional Christian perspective implying that adultery is wrong. Desdemona cannot understand why a woman would want to commit adultery. She is far from Iago’s sexual stereotype of Venetian women as â€Å"subtle whores†, rather, she plays an active feminine role as she is decribed as â€Å"half the wooer†. A modern day feminist might argue that this behaviour is too obedient. Desdemona appears to be naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve as she defends her husband when he strikes her. At first she says, â€Å"I have not deserved this†. Othello’s behaviour is out of character and as a result of Iago’s insinuating words. Desdemona thereafter accepts the physical abuse and defends her husband. Lodovico analyses the situation and states, â€Å"Truly, an obedient lady†. A modern audience would find this hard to comprehend. Shakespeare presents Desdemona as a woman who is thought of highly in the Venetian state. She is seen to be making her own choices but also appears to be a victim. Through the character of Cassio Shakespeare provides a critique of the discourse of courtly love. Cassio is a courteous and noble character who idealises Desdemona. In Act 2, Scene 1 Cassio speaks in blank verse. He calls Desdemona â€Å"th’ essential vesture of creation†, placing her on a pedestool and suggesting that her beauty is without equal and worthy of all praise. Desdemona is praised as being divinely blessed with â€Å"the grace of heaven†. He therefore can be described as the voice of patriarchal orthodoxy using materialistic imagery and hyperbolic language to describe Desdemona as â€Å"the riches of the ship†. This imagery objectifies and idealises Desdemona as a physical possession. Patriarchal orthodoxy does not allow women to be judged upon their achievements or their own subjectivity, instead her beauty gives her status. Cassio represents this reductiveness. In Cassio’s underlying lack of respect for Bianca, â€Å"Throw your vile guesses in the devil’s teeth†, Shakespeare uses a technique where the sub plot echoes the main plot and presents sexual hypocrisy through Cassio. His undoubtedly high opinion of Desdemona means that other women cannot be her equivalent. Women, according to Cassio are either angels worshipped from afar or whores marginalized by respectable society. He is ashamed to be seen publicly with Bianca, yet he still sleeps with her. He ridicules Iago’s suggestion of marrying Bianca, â€Å"Do not think it so wholesome† (saying that it would be morally tainting) because like Othello he expects his wife to be â€Å"angelic†. Iago is employed by Shakespeare to dramatise misogynistic attitudes towards women. This becomes evident through his use of chauvinistic language â€Å"guinea-hen†. His belief is that all women are prostitutes who will betray their husbands eventually. On many occasions Iago dehumanises Emilia referring to her as a â€Å"strumpet†. His sexual jealousy leads him to believe that Othello slept with his wife, â€Å"I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets He’s done my office†. Iago speaks in prose to express his antifeminist view of women, which makes the tone of his opinions more down to earth. Upon reading the play the audience can see how cynical Iago is about women and how they employ their beauty to their advantage. He uses derogative terminology, â€Å"players in your housewifery† to imply that women are prostitutes and believes women’s humanity consists of lechery and faithlessness. Iago does not share the impractical antithetical view of Desdemona voiced by Cassio. He believes, â€Å"The wine she drinks is made of grapes† suggesting that she is human and like all other women. He views her as flawed as a result of her love for the Moor and he cannot comprehend why a wealthy aristocratic white woman would choose to marry a black man. There is a clear contrast between Cassio’s language of courtly love, â€Å"a most exquisite lady† and Iago’s colloquial language, â€Å"whore†. The power of Desdemona and Othello’s relationship lies in the couple’s love for one another, yet Desdemona’s influence over Othello is not acceptable to the misogynistic Iago. He cannot comprehend why Othello has given in to the feminine emotion of love, which he views as a sign of weakness. His perception of love is purely anatomical â€Å"carnal stings†¦a lust of the blood†, therefore he is dismissive of the emotional bonds between women and men. It can be argued that Iago represents the underlying misogyny and racism within liberal Venice. â€Å"Textwise† by Felicity Currie explores this idea and suggests that Iago’s, â€Å"discourse is â€Å"honest† in that it is an expression of dominant ideology, which ensures that the status quo is maintained†. Brabantio and Othello are both easily convinced of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness, therefore Iago appears to voice beliefs held by male society about women. Othello and Desdemona’s relationship does not conform to the expectations of a patriarchal orthodoxy; consequently perhaps Shakespeare holds it up as an ideal against which other relationships should be judged. At the start of this play, the relationship is distinguished as an ideal. It promotes equality and is built on loyalty. This mutual affection is apparent as Othello describes Desdemona as being â€Å"half the wooer†. The reunion of Othello and Desdemona highlights their love, â€Å"o my fair warrior!† and she responds â€Å"My dear Othello†. The equality and balance of power in their relationship appears to be a faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade, as when Othello kills Desdemona, he does not permit her to voice a defence. He loses all self-dignity as he pompously suggests that he is killing her for â€Å"all men that were abused†. A positive aspect of the relationship is that both talk movingly about their love for one another in front of a possibly censorious senate, â€Å"How I did thrive in this fair lady’s love†. When Othello asks the senate if Desdemona can come with him to Cyprus, their superficial need for one another can be seen. Othello is perhaps too ready to find Desdemona guilty, Shakespeare suggests, however, that his position as an outsider makes him particularly susceptible to jealousy. Othello was aware of his looks, â€Å"thick lips†, â€Å"the devil†, â€Å"old black ram†, separating him from the white Venetian public. His treatment of Desdemona can be perceived as that of a man who â€Å"loved too well†. In turn Othello becomes insecure causing him to doubt Desdemona to a greater extent. The relationship moves from optimism to pessimism. Desdemona becomes a threat as she is suspected of adultery is just a small step from the sexual independence that she demonstrated in choosing Othello. In a patriarchal society this would be unheard of, therefore Desdemona is seen as a woman who appears to be out of control as suggested by Felicity Currie. Their love was not based on trust, showing that the relationship was probably not as idealistic as the audience would have liked to think. Shakespeare presents Othello as a man who too readily accepted Iago’s antifeminist perspective and then egotistically murdered Desdemona arguing that he was upholding justice, ensuring that she does not abuse other men. Othello’s passionate words change to derogatory language, â€Å"subtle whore†. As Iago makes Othello aware of Desdemona’s power over him, it becomes understandable why he has the need to re-establish power-hence Desdemona’s death. Othello is now in a position where he controls the situation. He reinstates his power as a man by leaving Desdemona feeling vulnerable and frightened. Shakespeare’s female characters do not conform to stereotype. All three women have contrasting attitudes to men. In turn all three are treated differently in society. Desdemona is described as being a â€Å"fair wife†, by Emilia the voice of truth, â€Å"So come my soul to bliss as I speak the truth† and Bianca is the representation of a powerless woman. She is the only female who is denied a voice showing that her silence determines her existence in society and that women are at the disposal of men. The male characters in Othello are incapable of selfless love. Iago is unable to love, stereotyping all women as whores. Conversely, Cassio idealises women as goddesses, however, hypocritically uses prostitutes. Othello’s relationship with Desdemona seems to be based on mutual respect and love, however, we could argue that even he is incapable of putting his own pride before Desdemona. Shakespeare suggests that in Jacobean England women’s position in society was dictated by men and female identity was constructed according to reductive stereotypes. Bibliography * Othello: The New Cambridge Shakespeare: Edited by Norman Sanders * Othello: New Swan Shakespeare: Edited by Gamini Salgado * Introduction to Arden Shakespeare * Othello: â€Å"Textwise† By Felicity Currie * Sovereign education lecture notes: By Sandra Clark * Othello: York Notes Advanced * www.sparknotes.com * www.learn.co.uk * www.teachit.co.uk

Innocence Theme in Catcher in the Rye

Innocence Themes in literary works are recurring, unifying subjects or ideas, motifs that allow us to understand more deeply the characters and their world. In The Catcher in the Rye, the major themes reflect the values and motivations of the characters. Some of these themes are outlined in the following sections. As its title indicates, the dominating theme of The Catcher in the Rye is the protection of innocence, especially of children. For most of the book, Holden sees this as a primary virtue. It is very closely related to his struggle against growing up.Holden's enemy is the adult world and the cruelty and artificiality that it entails. The people he admires all represent or protect innocence. He thinks of Jane Gallagher, for example, not as a maturing young woman but as the girl with whom he used to play checkers. He goes out of his way to tell us that he and Jane had no sexual relationship. Quite sweetly, they usually just held hands. Holden comforted Jane when she was distres sed, and it bothers him that Jane may have been subjected to sexual advances from her drunken stepfather or from her date, Holden's roommate, Stradlater.Holden's secret goal is to be â€Å"the catcher in the rye. † In this metaphor, he envisions a field of rye standing by a dangerous cliff. Children play in the field with joy and abandon. If they should come too close to the edge of the cliff, however, Holden is there to catch them. His attitude seems to shift near the end of the novel when he realizes that Phoebe and other children must be allowed to â€Å"grab for the gold ring,† to choose their own risks and take them, even though their attempts may be dangerous.

Business And Cultural Environment Of Syria Economics Essay

Business And Cultural Environment Of Syria Economics Essay Syria (officially the Syrian Arab Republic) is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria has been governed by the Baath Party since 1963, although actual power is concentrated to the presidency and a narrow grouping of military and political strongmen (Wikipedia, 2010). Moreover, the nature in Syria is distinctly diversified. It contains seashores, mountains, forests, dessert, rivers, caves, natural and artificial lakes, and a lot summer resorts. All this along with the diversity in the antiques, the ancient cities with its markets, khans and old domiciles, the handicrafts and the traditional industries contribute to formulate a unique attracting compound tourism product. Analysis of Syria Business Environment Cultural Environment in Syria Languages Arabic is the official language, spoken by 89% of the population, while 6% speak Kurdish, 3% Armenia n and 2% other languages. Otherwise, English and French are spoken in business circles (Arabic German Consulting, 1999). Ethnic groups Syrians are an overall indigenous Levantine people, closely related to their immediate neighbors such as Lebanses, Palestinians, and Jordanians. While modern-day Syrians are commonly described as Arabs by virtue of their modern-day language and bonds to Arab culture and history; they are in fact largely a blend of the various Aramaic speaking Syriac groups indigenous to the region who were Arabized when Muslim. Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula arrived and settled following the Arab expansion. Religions The overwhelming majority of the Syrian population is Sunni Muslim. Other Muslims which include: Ismailis, Shiites, and Alawites. Of the non-Muslims in Syria, most are Christians, primarily Greek and Armenian Orthodox. Religious minorities include Druze, who follows a religion related to Islam, and a community of approximately 1000 Jews. Syria has 70% Sunni Muslim, 12% Christians (almost is Orthodox and Greek Catholic) and 18% other minority groups including Jews and Druzes (Arabic German Consulting, 1999). Syria Culture Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history. Importance is placed on family, religion, education and self discipline and respect. The Syrian’s taste for the traditional arts is expressed in dancing such as the al-Samah, the Dabkeh in all their variations and the sword dance. Marriage ceremonies and the birth of children are occasions for the lively demonstration of folk customs (Advameg, Inc., 2010). Traditional Houses of the Old Cities in Damascus, Aleppo and the other Syrian cities are preserved and traditionally the living quarters are arranged around one or more courtyards, typically with a fountain in the middle supplied by spring water, and decorated with citrus trees, grape vines, and flowers. Political and Legal Environment in Syria The Syria government hopes to attract new investme nt in the tourism, natural gas, and service sectors to diversify its economy and reduce its dependence on oil and agriculture. Syria has begun to institute economic reforms aimed at liberalizing most markets, but reform thus far has been slow and ad hoc. For ideological reasons, privatization of government enterprises is still not widespread, but is in its initial stage for port operations, power generation, and air transport. Almost sectors are open for private investment except for cotton mills, land telecommunications, and bottled water.

Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman (750 words) Essay

Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman (750 words) - Essay Example Even from a cursory reading of the play, it is clear that the way Willy deals with reality and fiction is quite strange and Willy pretends to believe in the fiction that he has created for himself. Although as we well know, it is the reality of his life that wins in the end. Willy is unable to happiness find simply because his focus remains on making friends and he has a false belief in his own abilities that have led him to be a failure in life. The failure also extends to some of those who are influenced by him especially his son, who Willy thinks will follow his footsteps (Foster, 1961). However, the son ends up taking his own path since his lack of faith in Willy is evident from the events of the play. In his own world, Willy believes that he is successful and extremely popular amongst his clients as a salesman. He thinks that he has friends across the region and is well respected by others in his company as well as the business. This fantasy could have been true had he actually been a good performer and had made the efforts that could have given him the success he needed. What he failed to see was that he was nothing more than average in sales and had no more than a few friends. For example, he expected lots of people to be present at his funeral from all around the region but only five people came to the event. Of course, the death of an ordinary salesman or even a highly successful salesman is certainly a banal event. It was Willy’s imagined supremacy that put him at a disadvantage since he did not realize what he was doing wrong. Willy failed at making his American dream a reality not because the dream itself is unachievable, but because Willy did not put in enough effort. There certainly are people who find happiness through putting in their efforts, getting rich and making a life for their families but Willy lived a life of lies. He was sure of the fact that his friend Charley and his son simply could not be

Contoso, Ltd Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contoso, Ltd - Assignment Example An alternative to running multiple proxy servers in the firewall, which would entail the use of most effort, is by employing a relatively robust server referred to as the SOCKS server. SOCKS servers are well placed to function as the proxies for the TCP clients’ connections that function based on the socket API establishments. One of the advantages of using SOCKS is that it creates the allowance for the clients to access the servers without changing the codes if the clients, yet it is even secure just as the later (Bonaventure 2010). In this regard, despite the fact that the later approach is relatively costly, it is the most preferable. Response to part 2 There two possible cause of the problems being experienced by the Contonso firm, in where many users are unable to get IP address from the DHCP servers. One of the problems is that the IP address for the DHCP server could have been altered and that some of the clients cannot access IP address. The solution to this is to ensu re that DHCP server can only offer services to the for the network scope with the ID that corresponds with the network ID possessing the IP address. This only requires one to ensure that the IP address and the DHCP servers fall in the same network range, unless the superscopes are used (Tanenbaum, 2006). Another cause is that the DHCP clients could be located across the routers from the subnets where the DHCP servers are stationed and have been limited in receiving the addresses from the servers. The solution is for the DHCP servers to offer IP addresses to the computers of the clients on the multiple subnets and this should happen only if the separating routers function as the relaying agent of the DHCP. The problem could be resolved by first configuring the DHCP/BOOTP relay agent on the subnets of the clients in some cases, the relay networks could be positioned on the routers or on the NT server computers, Windows  2000 Server computers and the DHCP Relay Agent components. At t he DHCP regions, one may make some adjustments in the configurations to match the address of the network across the router where the clients are stationed. A point should be noted for the masks of the subnets to match the requirements of the remote subnets pr use a default gateway. Response to Part 3 One of the alternatives that could be utilized is the cable connectivity. The broadband cable is often provided by the cable TV provider. This would be suitable in this case. However, the cable Internet connection speed varies based on the number of users on the services, implying that during peak times, the implications can be particularly serious. Within the same geographical area, the broadband users often share the connection bandwidths, which continuously reduce with the increase in the number of users on the network. In this regard, the cost-effectiveness of the cable connection would be dependent upon the number of users in the geographical area. Another alternative is the fiber- optic. This is one of the products of the latest developments and provides internet connectivity with the fastest rating. This form of internet connectivity is limited in the sense that the sense that it is still in its initial phases of development and its availability in certain areas is still limited. Moreover, the process of laying down the fiber optic cable is as involving as time consuming and costly. In the regions that the fiber optic cable connectivity has been made available, the costs of its services do not significantly differ from the cable and DSL

Environmental science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental science - Research Paper Example Nowadays, 10% of the world is legally protected in one way or the other. In conservation practice, private fundraising is insufficient to pay for the effective management of so much land with protective status hence government assistance should intervene. This paper discusses in depth some environmental issues that negatively affect the Galapagos Island. Galapagos Islands have unknown waters surrounding the famous volcanic archipelagos that consist of natural wonders of a realm that is truly a living natural laboratory. These islands portray a range of mysteries of the deep, caverns buried beneath the earth and primitive wildlife entirely unknown to humanity. These islands remain as hosts for biological mysteries to date. They extensively portray unique geographical features, organisms, and locales. Scholarly research depicts that quite a range of animal species found on these islands seem so unreal to human beings. Charles Darwin, who once visited the islands, formulated a theory embarking on natural selection due to the curious unique species he came across. He used the theory to refer to the evolutionary changes that enables both plants and animals to adapt to the environment. For instance, different environments in the islands have different characteristics that the inhabitants have to get adapted to them. Moreover, Charles Darwin’s perception of natural selection based its argument on the feeding habits of different animal species, climate of the environment and genetic inheritance. Some of the animal species observed from these islands include Blue-footed booby, Waved albatross, Flightless cormorant, Galapagos tortoise, and Galapagos penguin. Although these beautiful sceneries act as tourist attraction sites, they are pessimistically affected by humanity. For instance, several environmental issues such as fishing, poaching of both plants and animals, and introduction of foreign species of plants and animals to the environment

Divorce rate throughout the world, causes of, disadvantages and Essay

Divorce rate throughout the world, causes of, disadvantages and advantages of - Essay Example Some people think that cohabitation which can be loosely described as an act of indulging in sexual intercourse between two people leads to a lasting relationship. Various sociological researches have indicated that there are dangers such as divorce likely to be encountered by couples who cohabitate before they get married or those who cohabitate with multiple partners. Some couples use sex as a way of measuring if true love exists between them but chances of divorce are very high since there will be no commitment to each other among these people (Champlin, 2003). Sociological researches have shown that cohabitors before marriage report low satisfaction with their marriages that non cohabitors. About 50 % of cohabitors often experience conflicts which often lead to bitter divorces (Champlin, 2003). The rate of divorce is higher among the young couples compared to adult people as a result of the fact that young people in particular expect more from each other (Seiler, 2002). Instead of communicating and settling differences in an amicable way, some people tend to use violence to subdue their partners. Thus, lack of intimacy and communication characterised by violence between a couple can lead to divorce (Wynne & Wynne, 1986). Research has shown that chances of child abuse are very high among couples who have divorced than those still living together. According to Champlin (2003), children belonging to divorced parents often experience cases of child abuse more than those living with both parents. Divorced couples often find it difficult to relate with close relatives. Some of the people are bitter such that they find it difficult to fit in the society. This bitterness negatively impacts on their welfare since they may end up living solitary life (Weinberger, Hofstein, & Whitbourne, 2009). In certain circumstances, divorce is the best solution to couples who always engage in bitter and often violent conflicts. This

The Great Migration, Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Great Migration, Cause and Effect - Essay Example The first great wave of migration began during the period of World War I. The manufacture of war supplies had demanded increased production while the draft, and disruption of immigration, left the factories short of much needed labor. As the pool of labor dwindled, companies began to look elsewhere for workers to fill the positions. The southern African-American population made up a substantial resource for unskilled workers and northern companies made extraordinary efforts to recruit them. Companies sent agents to the South and offered the African-Americans high paying jobs, transportation north, and housing arrangements upon arrival at their new location (Crew). The economic and social climate in the South during this period made the offers too good to resist and set off the first great wave of migration. The opportunity for greater wealth was a powerful motivation for the migration during the war. Blacks were leaving behind the rural life they knew to seek a new destiny. Many were leaving behind their families, wives, and children with the hope of creating a better future, and the opportunity for more money did not disappoint them. While most laborers in the South were earning little more than $2,00 per week, a letter published in 1919 explains to his friends back home, "Never pay less than $3.00 per day [...] Remember this is the very lowest wages. Piece work men can make from $6 to $8 per day " ("Don[']t Have to Mister"). Spurred by these tales of high pay, people left behind their social ties and the only way of life they knew with the promise of one day sending for those they left behind. If money had been the only factor, their decision to leave might have been more difficult, but there were other considerations in the South. The social and political climate in the South made the African-Americans even more eager to leave their rural way of life. The constitutional amendments passed after the Civil War that were to protect the rights of blacks were largely ignored in the South. Local laws, hostile prejudice, and Jim Crow laws left them vulnerable to violence, imprisonment, and death. The economics of sharecropping had also taken its toll on the farm workers. Bad crops, low prices, and unpredictable weather had left most of them in debt to the white landowners (Crew). By 1910, emancipation had a hollow meaning and the living condition of the former slaves were no better than they had been 50 years earlier. Migrating north offered them an escape from the ever-present oppression and the economic means to finally carve out their own identity. It is estimated that by 1919, the number of Blacks that had migrated north numbered near 1 million. Most settled in the industrial cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Washington DC, and Pittsburgh. Many of the new arrivals found the promise of better pay and human dignity a reality and were pleasantly surprised to find that the letters they read from people who had migrated before them had been accurate about the opportunities for work. They also enjoyed a new sense of identity, in a new place with attitudes more sensitive to their condition. In a letter dated 1917, a worker in Philadelphia expresses the simple joy of even the most modest

Analyzing ads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing ads - Essay Example The management has however, created counter strategies in their advertisement techniques in order to capture new customers and maintain its old customers in the market. Fowles’ appeal plays a major role in production of these Ads. The Management factor in his 15 appeals to reach out to market efficiently. Jib Flowless is a scholar who suggests that advertising revolve around 15 different appeals (Fowles 8). These include need for sex, affiliation guidance, and nurture, aggressiveness, to achieve and dominate. The rest of the appeals includes the appeals for the need for prominence, attention, autonomy, escape; feel safe, aesthetic, satisfy curiosity and the psychological needs. The Ads focus on flashy faces of the models with white healthy teeth posing with Colgate toothpaste. This is in order to create appeals to potential customers to be interested enough to buy the product. The other focus is the flashy look of the Colgate plastic pack. This is contrary to its competitor wh o uses animals known to have strong teeth like the beaver to advertise their products. Ads analysis The Ad in picture one uses a beautiful woman smiling to help market Colgate. The beautiful woman appeals to the emotion of the potential clients in order to capture their attention to look at the Colgate picture. Her brighten smile appeal for the need of affiliation to the beautiful smile. The smile invokes a memorable picture in the mind of the customer just as the marketing department at Colgate aimed to achieve. The Colgate toothpaste appears on the part of the picture to capture the attention of the reader. The conspicuous size of the toothpaste is to ensure that the name of the product hits the subconscious mind of the consumer. The background in the picture is red with large word in white that say Colgate fights germs. This message is to appeal to the need that ensures the customer feels safe. This emphasis is by the choice of the words and their size triggers conversation among the people looking at the advertisement. The main reason for advertisers to choose the above appeal; was to capture the attention of the potential customers (Biagi 156). The appeals reveal the audience of the Ad was parents and young people in the society. The appeal for the need to feel safe was targeting parents who take extra precautions to ensure that their children are safe from germs. The beautiful smile by the woman in the Ad depicts the audience of the Ad to be young people who like to look stylish and modern. In conclusion, Ad was targeting the elite group in the market. The Ad in picture 2 seeks to market a new brand of Colgate toothpaste. This is evident by the large letters in the name Colgate maxfresh. The name maxifresh appeal to need to achieve freshness in the mouth. These words are special and meant to send a message that the product offers maximum freshness in the mouth. The words â€Å"Unleash a rush of freshness† work to create an emotional appeal to rela te to the product to experience the feeling of freshness. Flashy blue container of Colgate creates interest in the mind of the individuals viewing the Ad to have an interest in the product. The advertisers specifically choose these appeals to ensure that they capture the attention of a larger market pull. The large letters of the product name seek to market the toothpaste among already consumers of other toothpastes products. The Advertisers ensure that the words â€Å"Britam stripes†

Quantitative finance and methods ( masters degree) Statistics Project

Quantitative finance and methods ( masters degree) - Statistics Project Example at return on capital employed and retained earnings/total assets have a very high correlation (0.6), it would be advisable to remove both of them in order to avoid the problem of problem of multicollinearity. Regarding whether to remove either retained earnings/total assets or return on capital employed based on the likelihood ratio tests, it will depend on their respective p-values. The one with its p-value approaching 1 than the other should be removed, as that implies that it is irrelevant. (e) From the coefficients of the original logistic regression, and ignoring the likelihood ratio tests, is it generally true that firms with a higher current ratio are more likely to go into liquidation? Explain. (6 marks) Firms with a higher current ratio are more likely to go into liquidation. This is because if we were to carry out a comparative analysis between the original logistic regression and Firm X statistics, it is apparent that the lower the returns of a firm, the higher the current ratio. Furthermore, it is a common knowledge that the firms with lower returns are the ones with the highest possibility if of going into liquidation. since we have concluded that firms with a higher current ratio are more likely to go into liquidation, the p-value must be less than 0.05, which shows that the model is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Whether the above two results are statistically significant, at the 95% level of confidence will depend on the p-value generated from the computer. If p-value is less than 0.05, the two results are statistically significant, at the 95% level of confidence. Q2. In evaluating the default risk of bank customers, two approaches are used, namely, multiple discriminant analysis and conventional methods. From a sample of 460 customers, observed results and predicted results of good and bad loans are summarised below. Q3. You are working on a research project on capital structure. You

Relations between states Essay Example for Free

Relations between states Essay Winston Churchill famously lamented, â€Å"It may be that we shall by a process of sublime irony have reached a stage in this story where safety will be the sturdy child of terror, and survival the twin brother of annihilation. † In the wake of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a new nuclear age was ushered in with mushroom clouds and unimaginable destruction. Suddenly, humankind had invented a weapon powerful enough—if used in sufficient quantity—to destroy the Earth’s capacity to sustain human life. For the world, the menace of nuclear winter was terrifying. To social scientists, it was equally frightening, but also presented a new paradigm of international relations. Technology has evolved throughout history, but never before had an advancement in weapons fundamentally shifted anything more than battlefield tactics. Nuclear weapons, on the other hand, brought a tremendous shift in the relations between states. Suddenly, the stakes of war were different; suddenly, war between two states had implications for the planet that wars had never produced before. John Mueller, in his article â€Å"The Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons,† disputes the idea that nuclear weapons actually fundamentally changed the landscape of international relations. Instead, Mueller argues, the horrors of World Wars I and II already escalated the stakes of warfare to a tipping point level, where the costs were so high that warfare was naturally deterred between stable, developed states. Specifically, Mueller cites the memory of World War II, superpower contentment with the postwar status quo, Soviet ideology, and a fear of escalation as the primary four reasons that nuclear weapons did not fundamentally change the nature of war deterrence. Mueller’s argument, while logically sound, has not held up to the tests of empiricism. Mueller’s first argument—that nuclear deterrence had little impact because all nations were already so horrified by the devastation wrought by World War II that they would never repeat its destruction—is weak. Certainly, World War II is the most tragic and destructive event of the twentieth century and probably is unrivalled in human history for its breadth of brutality and human loss of life. Yet, as Mueller admits, World War I was enough to convince the world of the maxim â€Å"never again,† only to have a similar conflict erupt twenty years after the guns of World War I were silenced. On top of the similarity between World War I and World War II, the wake of World War II was not free from conflict. For the United States, even, the Korean conflict broke out less than a decade after World War II and was quickly followed by Vietnam. Both conflicts brought about staggering casualties. Clearly, World War II was worse, but it was not enough of a deterrent to stop many wars in its aftermath. In other words, Mueller’s argument that nuclear deterrence did not fundamentally shift the landscape because World War II’s horrors took care of doing so, does not stand up to the test of facts; conflicts erupted regardless. More importantly, however, nuclear war would be substantially different than World War II. World War II was immensely devastating because it was fought by enormous armies of many different countries for several years. Nuclear war could not be more different; it could be carried out with little more than a small air force, the right bombs, and could last days. Once the Soviet Union and the United States acquired nuclear weapons, it was a different ballgame. Entire cities could be wiped off the map in a second. For policymakers, that changed the incentive structures. Undertaking a war with the Soviet Union prior to the nuclear age would have enlisted the entire nation’s resources, citizens, and finances. On the other hand, when there was an asymmetry of power—between 1945 and 1949 specifically—the American government could have eliminated a Soviet city from existence with little more than a single jet and a small aircrew. That skewed the playing field heavily in the favor of the United States. But, that changed when the Soviets acquired nuclear capability. Suddenly, both countries faced the same incentives and the same disincentives to go to war; each was assured that a nuclear attack by one would prompt a retaliation—perhaps a disproportionate one—from the other. This created a paradox—without having to deploy armies or finance massive military campaigns, war was much closer; it simply took an order from Washington or Moscow. Yet, the stakes were also higher. With nuclear weapons in play, escalation was simultaneously much closer and much less desirable. The fact that conventional conflicts between states raged on in the post-war era but nuclear conflict has never arisen speaks volumes about the unique power of a nuclear deterrent. Thus, Mueller’s argument about the deterrence of conventional conflict does not hold up to analytical scrutiny given history’s contradiction. Moreover, Mueller’s argument that the superpowers were already unlikely to go to war (with or without nuclear weapons) because they were content with the status quo is equally vacuous. Certainly, the superpowers never engaged directly in combat. But nuclear weapon deterrent theory posits that nuclear weapons impedes escalation to the highest levels because the costs associated are simply unbearable for all involved parties. In other words, if Mueller is correct that the post-war status quo already acted as a sufficient deterrent, then the superpowers should have been peaceful throughout the Cold War. Far from it, they instead engaged in many proxy wars—wars specifically designed to allow low-level conflict as each vied for further control of the globe, but simultaneously to ensure that the conflict would never rage out of control and risk bringing nuclear weapons to the table. Cold War flare ups between communist and capitalist powers prove Mueller’s theory to be false; the post-war status quo was repeatedly altered as the Soviets and Americans each sought to expand their power and gain a strategic advantage over their enemy, without inviting the use of nuclear weapons precisely because of nuclear deterrence. Mueller’s third argument—that Soviet ideology was a sufficient deterrent that is often mis-attributed to the myth of nuclear deterrence—is simply a red herring. Mueller makes a strong case, certainly, but it does not address the fundamentals of nuclear deterrence theory. Simply because the Soviets in particular may have been less likely to engage in a full-out war with another hegemonic power, that does not negate the validity of nuclear deterrence theory. Simply stated, nuclear deterrence theory is an idea that applies to all states, and invoking the Soviet case to disprove the entirety of the rule is a weak attack that falls flat. Mueller’s fourth argument—that a fear of escalation was already in place and did not need nuclear weapons to operate—is equally flawed. Fear of escalation is precisely the heart of nuclear deterrence theory: nuclear weapons prevent war because provoking a nuclear power is likely to yield unspeakable horrors. Mueller suggests that the threat of war alone is horrific enough to produce a similar deterrent and that as a result, nuclear weapons did little to change deterrence dynamics. But empirical research disagrees. According to Robert Rauchhaus of the University of California, Santa Barbara, â€Å"When a nuclear asymmetry exists between two states, there is a greater chance of militarized disputes and war. In contrast, when there is symmetry and both states possess nuclear weapons, then the odds of war precipitously drop. † Rauchhaus’s research, which draws upon many decades of empirical research, quantitatively validates the importance of nuclear weapons. Even though, as Rauchhaus points out, nuclear weapons are not universally positive in their deterrent effects (asymmetrical nuclear capabilities can promote rather than deter war, for example), they inevitably have an impact (and a substantial one at that) on international affairs. This study flies in the face of Mueller’s claim that nuclear weapons are simply tangential deterrents running parallel to a larger deterrent growing out of the desire to avoid large wars. On all four fronts, Mueller’s claims are flimsy. His article is nonetheless important because it challenges the premises of deterrent theory and suggests an alternative viewpoint. In the end, however, it seems that nuclear weapons do make a difference: conventional wars continue at regular intervals, but no nuclear weapon has been dropped in warfare since the horrors of Nagasaki and Hiroshima jolted the world into a stunned realization that nuclear warfare was simply unacceptable and needed to be avoided at all costs.

Topshop Transactional website Essay Example for Free

Topshop Transactional website Essay Topshop is a transactional website that specifically sells merchandise like clothes, shoes and accessories. The audience intended to shop at Topshop is varied between teenagers and middle aged women around 35 years old. As I navigated around the Site I believe that it would fulfil the needs of the audience with its wide variety of merchandise. Site Structure The homepage of Topshop is well decorated and brightly colour to obtain the customers attention. The site is also updated every week to keep the site fresh and original looking. As you can see from the screenshot above there is a list of options down the left hand side of the site navigating you to Shop products and to the different shop information. The first listing on the column is Shop by which takes the customer to the different categories of stock e. g. Fashion Tops, basic Tops, Dresses etc. Also on the main column there are a number of options to click upon Shop By When clicked upon shop by opens a new window showing the different items of merchandise a customer can purchase New Shows you the items recently added to the Topshop website and what you can purchase in the Topshop store Collections collections shows the customer the different type of styles i. e. Punk, Office etc and different types of designer that design for Topshop e. g. Celia Birtwell Topshop Boutique This option also shows you different types of designers but the designers are not house hold names but are well known e. g. Richard Nicoll and Markus Lupfer. The TEE shop the tee shop shows the different style of plain t-shirts you can purchase in every colour so that if youre looking for a simple top it will be easily found. The denim shop this includes all denim items the Topshop provide e. g. Jeans. Jackets etc TOPSHOP mini Topshop mini is a new selection on this website this consist of many various items supplied for small babies. Topshop info when this option is chose this brings the customer to whatever information they are seeking for example Return policy or Postage and Package cost. Also located in the options in the left hand side is Topshop info when clicked upon this brings the viewer to various options like Store Locator, Contact us, policies or Services and Help. Topshop site is well laid out and simple to navigate around, the Information like Privacy is straightforward to find and will make customers more relaxed about purchasing over the internet. However there are no search facilities or site map which might be a downfall to Topshop success but as you continue viewing this site the customer will realise that the site is well laid out and therefore there will be no need for these functions. The arrangement throughout the site is simple enough to follow for someone who can use computers but for a newcomer or older person this site would take a lot of time and effort to get adjusted to. The services and help are clearly marked in the Topshop site and its easy to use, simple layout of the information is well documented and is very useful. The domain name of the site is Topshop which I consider to be really memorable as it is short but appealing. As Topshop is a renowned site if entered into any search engineer e. g. Google, it will locate the site. When entered the site is quick and effortless to load which is a huge advantage also as no password is needed to enter the Topshop website any user is aloud to access it. The Topshop website is in keeping with the corporate identity and the Topshop font on the website is the same as the Topshop high street store and the corporate design on the sales bag.

Benefits of Resisted Sprint Training

Benefits of Resisted Sprint Training In the modern day sprint training is the most common method in the new age of sports training, to enhance the ability of an athlete to run at optimum speed, sprint training must be an essential part of an athlete’s training regime (McKenna, M et al, 1997). As equipment advanced so did training methods, therefore to improve performance a certain amount of resistance was added to further enhance an athlete’s performance therefore improving an athlete’s overall speed this was named â€Å"Resisted Sprint Training† (RST) is defined by Alexander 1989 as running at top velocity while resistance forces work in the opposite direction. There is countless ways of applying an opposing force; weighted clothing, sleds containing weights, parachutes with different surface areas and common hills are all used to counter act the sprints being undertaken by the athlete. Due to the research that has gone into this area of RST it has provided coaches with more options to exper iment and implement with their athlete. The author of this review will be analysing literature and research into sled training commonly shortened to ST and whether the common usage of this in a training programme is an effective method to improve certain variables such as acceleration, maximum velocity, force application and finally stride length/frequency. As RST is a popular method for most modern day sports people from low to elite levels, it has an uncertain concluding factor as to the links to improve sprint kinematics. (Faccioni, 1994a) â€Å"The benefits of the use of resisted sprint running is that it recruits more muscle fibers, requires more neural activation† therefore due to this quote the effects of ST have been probed and primed for many years, especially the way the way it influenced the acceleration on track athletes. After completing a study using males taking part in resistance using 10% plus of the participants body mass, a decrease in stride frequency and stride length was evident, while performing the tests other visual physiological differences were evident such as increased muscle flexibility especially in regards to the hip flexors. When concluding their findings in 1994 they found that when carrying a heavier load. Stress was evident on the participants body therefore hampering the test, this is why a lower weight was used to improve acceleration when using ST for RST. Murphy et al 2003 study was establishing the load for sprint training with sled towing in the maximum velocity phase. 12 athletes participated in the study. They ran 30 m flying sprints, an unloaded sprint and sprints pulling loads of 6%, 10%, and 15% of their body mass, on a synthetic track surface wearing spikes, they found that this equitation lets coaches and strength trainers to calculate the load for resisted sprint training with sled towing due to the increase in Mean maximum velocity, 30-m sprint time. These findings support another study that was done in 2004 by LeBlanc, J. S.et al who studied the comparisons and differences between free sprint training and resisted in relation to the key attributes of sprinting in the top phase of the athletes speed. Both results show significant differences and shows signs towards ST being beneficial for sprinters top speed phase. When looking at the literature published the main area of study which has been evident is whether ST increased maximum speed and overall acceleration Hansen, K. T.et al (2006).found that RST with 8% body mass sled towing for 4 week improves transition performance (16-31 m), while traditional sprint training improves performance in the maximum velocity phase (31-51 m) in elite athletes. In contrast to improving overall acceleration and maximum speed studies have been done to improve sprint specific strength Ettema, G. J. C. (2006) et al stated that RST does improve this evidently in the lower body being the legs and lower back, having this strength is always going to beneficial due to the strength of the lower limbs. The way this evaluation was concluded was down to using and comparing a weighted belt for the athlete to wear, a parachute to provided resistance to the athlete and finally the sled to be able to place weights on to provide a resisted force when completed 30 metre flying sprints. It became evident that the sled training was best for developing maximum sprint strength, however the literature contradicts itself when talking about biomechanical properties which could affect the athletes speed therefore further biomechanical analysis needs to be undertaken to provide a coach with exact biomechanical movements to fully utilise the ST. After researching the literature which is available to get a good insight into ST, when talking about biomechanical influences in the ST, the practioners should be using 3D analysis software to enable them to have a clear view of the correct posture and movements in each phase especially when the athlete is being specific to stride length, stride frequency and velocity also as other areas in the forever changing world, further research will give myself a better and broader insight into the ability of ST in relation to RST. Putting a focus into the specifics of each ST session such as sets and repetitions of the training being undertaken this therefore would need to client specific as previously stated the weight of each ST is set to a fix rate, however increasing this could either have a positive or negative effect on success and sustainability. When focusing on the suggested correct amounts of training when concerning sets and reps, no previous research has actually indicated a set number to work from. This is why variation and expert analysis needs to be scrutinised to enable a benchmark to be set for initial improvement. References Alexander, M.J.L. The relationship between muscle strength and sprint kinematics in elite sprinters. Can. J. Sport Sci. 14:148–157. 1989. Cronin, J. B., and Hansen, K. T. (2006). Resisted sprint training for the acceleration phase of sprinting. Strength Cond. J., 28, 42-51 Faccioni, A. (1994a). Assisted and resisted methods for speed development: Part 1 Modern Athlete Coach, 32, 3-6. Kristensen, G. O., van den Tillaar, R., and Ettema, G. J. C. (2006). Velocity specificity in early-phase sprint training. J. Strength Cond. Res., 20, 833-837 LeBlanc, J. S., Gervais, P. L. (2004). Kinematics of assisted and resisted sprinting as compared tonormal free sprinting in trained athletes. Proceedings of the 22th International Symposium onBiomechanics in Sport, Ottawa, Canada 536. Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., and Spinks, C. D. (2003). Effects of resisted sled towing on sprint Kinematics in field-sport atlethes. J. Strength Cond. Res., 17, 760-767. McKenna, M. J., G. J. F. Heigenhauser, R. S. McKelvie, J. D.MacDougall, and N. L. Jones. Sprint training enhances ionic regulation during intense exercise in men. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 501: 687–702, 1997 Murphy, A. J., Lockie, R. G., and Coutts, A. (2003). Kinematic determination of early acceleration in field sport athletes. J. Sports Sci. Med., 2, 144-150.

Film Review of Blades of Glory Essay -- essays research papers

Blades of Glory, directed by Josh Gordon and Will Speck, is a hilarious comedy that turns figure skating into one big joke. This movie was so over-the-top, it was over over-the-top, but it kept the whole theater laughing throughout the entire movie, which is exactly what it was made to do. The movie’s plot is not very intricate, but it really doesn’t need to be. It’s about 2 Men’s Singles Figure Skaters that are the complete opposites of each other. Chazz Michael Michaels (Will Ferrell) is the notorious bad boy in figure skating, he’s very sexual and all the ladies swoon over him. Jimmy MacElroy (Jon Heder) is the good boy that pays attention to technical detail and precision. These two skaters compete against each other and end up getting a tie score for first place and the gold medal. Then, while on the podium, they start to bicker, and it leads to a brawl between the two of them. Because of that, they end up getting banned from Men’s Singles for the rest of their lives. The two of them find new, separate jobs, and after a while Jimmy’s stalker, Hector (Nick Swardsdon), tells...

The most unkind cut :: essays research papers

What if I were to tell you that a new trend is being practiced in the United States by the parents of newborn baby boys, wherein they are giving the children nose jobs so that they can look more like their father, or that the parents are cutting off the earlobes of the babes so that they can be cleaner? What if you had just given birth to a beautiful, cooing baby girl and the nurse walked in and cheerfully asked if youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d like to mutilate her genitalia before her noon feeding. In either one of those situations, no doubt youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d be disbelieving and outraged at such a suggestion! But everyday thousands of babies across the United States suffer a similar fate when their parents decide that a baby boy should not have a foreskin and so they practice routine circumcision. Circumcision, put simply, is cosmetic surgery, in that it involves changing the appearance of your childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s body for aesthetic reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States is the only country in the world that routinely practices the circumcision of their newborns. Across the globe elsewhere, circumcision is rarely practiced unless there is a medical or religious reason to do so. Here in the U.S., the vast majority of parents opt to have the procedure done, although the number of parents refusing the pointless procedure is on a rapid rise. Most parents typically donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t think about circumcision as an issue while they shop for cribs and have baby showers and select namesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s just something you à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? if you have a son, so when asked in the hospital after the delivery if they want their child circumcised, they blindly accept the procedure without questioning ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purpose. However, in the future when asked why they decided to go through with it, the most common reasons given to justify the procedure might surprise you.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  When asking my friends why they decided to circumcise their sons, the most common reasoning is that so the child can à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“look like daddy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want the child to feel or look different than his father, brother or peers and be teased. Is this really a problem? Do men really sit around comparing how they look and then teasing the ones who look different? No, of course not. And what sort of justification is this anyway, to look like their daddy. Nobody will ever walk up and say, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Oh how cuteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.

Early History of South Africa: A Climatological Case Study Essay

Early History of South Africa: A Climatological Case Study The early history of Cape Town shares little with the experience of the rest of Africa. The patterns of colonization and the relationship between black Africans and nationalized Europeans are unique to the area. The timing and speed of settlement were possible only because of the local disease environment. The system of racial interaction, a system of Aparthide unique to the area, acted differently than other systems because of farming patterns dictated by the fertility of the land. The above are instances of the apparent adaptation of South African cultural development to its climate environment. They show the history and culture of the area are inseparable aspects of the climate in which they formed. Once the Portuguese had made the trip around the horn of Africa and had started to trade with the Indian Ocean world it was clear that a port capable of re-supplying and repairing the trading ships was necessary. Towns sprang to life up and down the West African coast, their numbers increasing as other European powers began to claim their share of the trade with India. In most of these towns, European mortality was horrendous. Even England, notorious for colonizing with Criminals, did not send its prisoners to the West African coast for long. Malaria and other African diseases killed them as effectively as a hangman’s noose. But there was one glaring anomaly: Cape Town. Here, Europeans could survive. The reason had everything to do with Climate. One of the biggest causes of European mortality was Malaria. A parasitic disease carried by mosquitoes, Malaria has a high mortality rate among first exposure victims. Even today, it is the fourth most common cause for c... ..., settlements remained small and ineffectual. The African natives were able to maintain their own lifestyles, and the Europeans were prevented from expanding. This was not the case in South Africa, where insufficient rainfall forced the population to spread out and interact with the natives to such an extent as to alter their language. The divisions this interaction created were not easily thrown aside, and have persisted to modern times. Without the knowledge of the climate of the area, there would be no explanation for the unique nature of South African culture. Climate dictated the development of this culture. Works Cited: 1 http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm 2 http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/distribution_epi/distribution.htm 3 http://cybercapetown.com/CapeTown/climate.php 4 http://www.wunderground.com/NORMS/DisplayIntlNORMS.asp?CityCode=68816&Units=both

“Of Mice and Men” Prejudice and Alienation Essay

Prejudice of many groups of people was prevalent in America during the Great Depression era. In the 1930s when the book took place, there was an extreme amount of racism and sexism, little to no knowledge of mental disability, and assumedly a great deal of ageism. In _Of Mice and Men,_ John Steinbeck uses prejudice to illustrate the theme of alienation through ageism, racism, sexism, and ableism. Candy was an old man who lived on the farm who lost his hand in an accident while working. The ranch hands constantly tortured Candy by telling him that his dog was too old for his own good, and that he would be better off dead. Candy takes this personally, assuming that they were insinuating that he was also worthless to the ranch, and too old for his own good. The old man realizes that this is the only job he’ll ever have, considering he only has only had one hand and is too old to do hard labor and said, â€Å"‘When they can me here I wisht somebody’d shoot me†¦ I won’t have no place to go, an’ I can’t get no more jobs'† (60). The other men understand this and exclude Candy for his differences. Slim, another ranch hand, talking about Candy’s dog said, â€Å"‘I wisht somebody’d shoot me if I got old and a cripple'† (45). Candy’s dog is an obvious parallel to Candy and his physical conditions that prevent him from working. To show racism, Steinbeck uses the character Crooks, a black stable buck who lives on the ranch. Although sometimes in the book it seems that Crooks isolates himself, it is clear towards the end of the book that the other men avoid associating with him because of the color of his skin. Many of the  other ranch hands refer to Crooks as â€Å"nigger†, an extremely offensive term, instead of his actual name. Crooks avoids getting into trouble by staying in his room (which is in the barn with the animals) and staying out of the way of the rest of the men. At one point, Crooks aggravates Curley’s wife, and as a response she threatened, â€Å"‘Well you keep your place then, nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so fast it ain’t even funny'† (87). When Crooks is talking to Lennie and Candy, he confides in them about his loneliness, admitting, â€Å"A guy sets alone here at night, maybe readin’ books or thinkin’ or stuff like that. Sometimes he gets thinkin’, an’ he got nothin’ to tell him what’s so an’ what ain’t so† (73). Sexism is another major part of the novel, and it is shown through the character of Curley’s wife. Curley’s wife, is who she sounds like she is, because she’s married to Curley, the son of the head of the ranch. She is never given a name, which was probably to show the reader that the only relevance she had was that she was Curley’s possession in a way, because she was his wife and was not allowed to talk to anyone but him. Curley’s wife constantly cries for attention because she, like many of the other characters in this novel, feels lonely most of the time. The men do not understand why she does, and take it as thought she is just being â€Å"slutty† in a sense because she didn’t like Curley. George is talking to Candy when he says his first impression of Curley’s wife. George said, â€Å"‘Well, seems Curley’s married†¦ a tart,'† because he didn’t empathize Curley’s wife’s loneliness (28). In turn, Curley’s wife is alienated for her gender, and admits to Crooks, Lennie, and Candy that she wishes she had people to talk to and have conversation with. While talking to the three other â€Å"outcasts† on the farm she admitted, â€Å"‘I can’t talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad'† (87). It is more and more apparent throughout the book that the other ranch hands don’t want to make Curley upset by talking to his wife, but in the end she is still alienated because she is a woman. The most recognizable prejudice in this novel was the ablelism toward Lennie. Lennie, the main character of the book, had some type of mental disorder that prevented him from remembering things and also from controlling the motor function and decision making concerning his hands, but of course in  this time period there was no knowledge of such diseases. Lennie was the most kind-hearted, innocent character in this book because he doesn’t understand superficial alienation or prejudice toward someone because of their sex, race, age, etc. He can’t take care of himself, so his best friend George tells him what to do. During one part of the book when George is talking to Slim, George talks about how he used to treat Lennie: â€Å"‘I used to have a hell of a lot of fun with him. Used to play jokes on ‘im ’cause he was too dumb to take care of ‘imself'† (40). Soon after, George told Slim that he stopped messing with Lennie because he told him once to jump into a river, and Lennie almost drowned and died because he didn’t know how to swim, and didn’t know any better than to just listen to what George says. At the end of the book when Curley found out that Lennie had killed his wife, he took it out in anger because he did not understand that Lennie couldn’t control himself, ordering, â€Å"‘When you see ‘um, don’t give ‘im no chance, shoot for his guts'† (97). Lennie is alienated in this novel because of his disability and is isolated (and killed) as a result. In sum, Steinbeck uses ageism, sexism, racism, and ableism to convey the theme of alienation in _Of Mice and Men_. In the scene with all four of the alienated characters in Crooks’s room, Curley’s wife said in frustration with the fact that she has not one to talk to, â€Å"‘Standin’ here talkin’ to a bunch of bindle stiffs- a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep- an’ likin’ it because they ain’t got nobody else.'† (78) This line is very significant because it shows that even though they are all excluded from the majority of the ranch hands, and from society in general, they realize that they can turn to each other when they feel lonely.

Family Therapy Model Essay

Family therapy instances of psych another(prenominal)apy can be divided into collar classificationsa diachronic, historical, and experiential (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). The ahistorical classification includes structural family therapy, strategic family therapy, behavioral family therapy, psychoeducational family therapy, and conference regulates (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). The historical classification includes objective relations possible action and Bowen systems theory (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3).The experiential classification contains solo 1 modelthe experiential family therapy model (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). While the historical models focus on changing the familys patterns of interaction as a means of removing the presenting problems, the historical models atomic number 18 rooted in psychoanalysis, with a long-acting therapy intervention in which the therapist is less(prenominal) involved than in the other classifications (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3).existential models, on the other hand, argon to a greater extent concerned with the patients growth, a process of both experiencing and monitoring congenital problems, and the patients self-identity development indoors the family context (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3).The history of the models and the therapists role in each differs, so given the size limitations of this paper, a correct history on each is non feasible. Each theory has its own major contributors. Among the ahistorical models, structural family theory, for example, was influenced by Gregory Bateson, who cogitate on verbal and nonverbal discourse the Palo Alto Team, which developed the concept of family homeostasis and Salvador Minuchin, who proverb families as functioning to socialize children and assuage the mutual live on of married couples, throe problems when boundaries were either too porous or too rigid (Werner-Wilson, n.d., pp. 2-4).Of the historical models, object relations theory was influence d by Melanie Klein and subsequent by Otto Kernberg, who focused on drives and the integration of Freudian and non-Freudian objectrelations theory, on an individual basis (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3 Tribich, 1981, p. 27). In the experiential model, Whitaker redefined symptoms as attempts at growth and used simulate to offer fantasy alternatives to actual stressors (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 12). triple of the five key concepts of family therapy models are body forth in Schutzs Fundamental social Relationship Orientation, or FIRO modelinclusion, control, and pump (Hafner & Ross, 1989, p. 974).Parr (2000, p. 256) refers to the affection concept as experience when she states, The family FIRO model hypothesizes a paradigmatic gaze of the familys relationship organization close to the three interrelated core ineluctably of inclusion, control, and intimacy. Inclusion involves a feeling of belong within the family context, and it requires a sense of connectedness, a shared bel ief system, and an organized social organisation that the family incorporates to handle issues of roles and boundaries (Parr, 2000, p. 255).The concept of control involves the counseling the family interacts in terms of power and influence, as when these are used to resolve negate in the areas of discipline, role negotiations, and problem resolving power (Parr, 2000, p. 256). The affection or intimacy concept demonstrates the family members needs for interactions that allow them to be ease up with each other some their feelings and areas of photo (Parr, 2000, p. 256). Another key concept is conversation theory.There are varied types of communication theory, but the one that is most allot to family therapy is family communication patterns theory, which serves as a model of family communication based on relational connections among communication behaviors (Fitzpatrick, 2004, p. 175). Finally, the concept of net profits is an integral image of the family therapy approach. Net works provide support during family therapy when the family itself is under stress.As Goldenberg and Goldenberg (p. 12) point out, The support of a network of friends, extended family, clergy, neighbors, employers, and fellow employees and the availability of corporation resources often contribute to family recovery, and even chaotic, disorganized, abusive, and multi-problem families prolong resources. An evaluation of family therapy from the Christian perspective reveals that it is congruous with Christian principles.Because it is a mode of therapy predicated chiefly on understanding the dynamics of family heart and helpering family members to change their dysfunctional behavior, thither is little in family therapy thatruns at cross-purposes with Christian thinking. Inclusion, control, and affection are all Christian concepts as hearty. Everyone is included in the separate of those eligible to be Christians, and one lonesome(prenominal) needs to choose to belong. Control of ones actions is integral to the Christian perspective, with manifestations of a lack of control being regarded as problems.Affection is a hallmark of Christianity, and delivery boy displayed genuine affection to pile, urging his disciples to do the same. Communication theory is more than applicable to Christianity, as evidenced by the considerable amount of communication that takes place in the Bible and the many interactions that are record at that place to help believers understand both desirable and undesirable forms of communication. Moreover, Christianity is a community-oriented worship in many ways, urging believers to help those in need and to love others, so its precepts fit neatly into the concept of the support network, as well.Jesus traveled about the countryside, as did His disciples, taking help to people in various towns along the way, and there is a palpable sense of community in the Christian way of life, which considers other peoples feelings, welfare, and interests as well as ones own. Finally, there is in Christianity a strong family model, as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are fundamentally a divine family unit, and thus family therapy models are intrinsically structured to relate to the Christian model.ReferencesFitzpatrick, M.A. (2004). Family Communication Patterns Theory Observations on its using and Application. The Journal of Family Communication, 4(3/4), 167-179. EBSCO Host. Goldenberg, H., Goldenberg, I. (2007).Family Therapy An Overview. Florence, KY Brooks Cole. Griffin, W.A., Greene, S.M. (1998). Models of Family Therapy The Essential Guide. unfermented York Routledge. Hafner, R.J., Ross, M.W. (1989).The FIRO Model of Family Therapy Implications of Factor Analysis. Journal of clinical Psychology, 45(6), 974-979. Klein, M., Tribich, D. (1981). Kernbergs Object-Relations Theory A sarcastic Evaluation. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 62, 27-43. Retrieved on bound 25, 2010 from http//www.pep-web.org/ document.php?id=IJP.062.0027A Werner-Wilson, R.J. (n.d.). Family Therapy Theory. Retrieved on March 25, 2010 fromhttp//www.public.iastate.edu/hd_fs.511/lecture/Sourcebook20.ppt

India on The Move Case Analysis Essay

I. BackgroundA country with a 3.3 cardinal square Kilometers area and by 2002 India reached 1.1 billion spate with a growing count of 1.5%, diversity in languages, multi party democracy system, different spiritual groups, India is facing rapidly produce preservation entirely momentous reforms inquire to be passed still.The financial situation in India by 1992 wasnt the most gentle but had been growing 6% annually by 2002, act India into one of the principal growing economies in the world. By adopting the Washington Consensus, India had remove almost all substance and exports restrictions, and so the financial controls made by the world-wide Monetary Fund. As a consequence of a slack progress for privatization and all restrictions made for exotic ownership, FDI became slow to enter in India.The biggest obstacle in India to face the reality of growth inhabits in economics and social performances.II. Analysis (Case Overview)Although gross domestic product growth tell p er year was low, information technologies and back smudge operations were well known and represent 2% of the Indians GDP, the expectations aim that it would be continually growing and contributing with the gross domestic all overlap and a desirable 8% growth order per year and so did exports since the collapse of the Soviet Union. IT lead many Indians entrepreneurs develop in the field change magnitude unemployment rates. Fiscal deficit sullen into the sought of the proper(a) taxation policy. Moreover, conflicts with Pakistan, bureaucracy, privatization policy and corruption in the policy-making environment contribute on having India one timbre back. Finally, education and infrastructure were to be improved.All of the to a gameer assign led the tenth five year purpose seek up for fiscal stability, semipolitical and phantasmal as well.III. Questions wherefore did India experience relatively slow economic growth from independence until 1991?Huge population, 1 billion by 2002 with a growing rate of 1.5%, more than the country could actualize at the time, domestic issues with a fragmented society and religious problems. The political issue with Pakistan represents more expenditure contributing with the deficit. The executing of Soviet Union model as a developing strategy based on regulations in the private and public sector, including price controls high tariff, large bureaucracy which made a un attractive thriftiness for foreign investment in relation to another(prenominal) economies. In order to move forward with the economy growth, India had chosen to perform a market competitor economy removing almost all its restrictions lowering tariff.Why did Rao adopt the post-crisis, Washington Consensus strategy? How is it pruneing?A combination of the Soviet Union collapse and high oil prices and some other situations such as the crisis in the balance of payments, Prime Minister Rao turned back to the International Monetary Fund for assistance. Th e IMF would allow loans as long as India uses Washington Consensus policies into its economy. This policies need to be used to minimize the impact of the presidential term decisions otherwise the economy would completely collapse.These market reforms helped India on reducing its fiscal deficit and having a high GDP estimated in 2002-2003 5.9% and in 2003-2004 to 5.6%.How big bonk are Hindi-Muslim frictions? Demographic fragmentation? Deficits?Religious and political tensions in the regions have a in truth grownup impact in foreign investors decision-making because they perceive this as a threat to their investment. Some of the cases are the quasi(prenominal) war erupted between India and Pakistan in 1999 over the repugn state of Kashmir. Religious tensionbetween Hindu and Muslims in 1992 on Ayodhya temple dispute woo an estimated of 2000 people lives. In 2002, riots made the Supreme royal court banned all religious activities on the site.Is India an attractive site for fore ign direct investment?On this days India has become a more stalls economy and is growing rapidly representing a sizable country for foreign investors trust, having a strong support from Government policies, growth of information technologies and back exponent operations, English speaking people, a steady GDP growth.On the other hand, some of the issues still remain in the country hopefully with a truly willing government to solve social and political science conflicts, corruption and fiscal deficit.IV. Number InterpretationIndia corset Medium in Human Development Ranking, having the 124th place out of 173 countries. There are many differences crosswise states among literacy, sex ratio and population growth. Productivity in the public sector remains low in comparison with private sector. India has an annual growth rate 6%. In 2004 elections the country still is politically fragmented. Large size of deficit outstands.V. ConclusionIndia is go a potential economy in the world, si nce the 10th plan many indicators have improve and changed in order to be a more attractive market for foreign direct investment and for a growing GDP. Nevertheless, many obstacles should be overcome to consume India in the top of sagacity for investors all over the world, the first thing to bear in mind must be corruption which has been there since the very first days and so it is the political and religious conflicts in the region.All in all, if India is able to work on these issues primarily, the growtheconomy would come on with time and the country is going to play a big part of the international business game.ReferencesAstrella, K. (Feb. 24, 2012). India on the Move PowerPoint Slides. Retrieved from http//es.scribd.com/ medico/81228847/India-on-the-Move-FinalKumbhar, R. (Mar 24, 2012). India on the Move PowerPoint Slides. Retrieved from http//es.scribd.com/doc/86583756/India-on-the-Move

Assessment Of Special Education Centers And Its Impact Education Essay

The possess of either josh stooge drop a key mo on the kineticss of the family line. P arnts and early(a)(a) put one acrosss in the kinsfolk essential eitherow a potpourri of readjustments to repute to the push per whole athletic theme of a pertly piece. The subject of the nascency of a invalid nestling on home plate stinkpot be compensate more(prenominal)(prenominal) pro base. The tangiblely ch whollyenged babys be pr pieceic of alone(a) timey die(predicate)y characterized by extremes of behaviors, which in several(prenominal) instances trance the interactions they become with pargonnts and siblings. The b atomic number 18(a) wariness and finical adjustments ar regard by them. Families of physic everyy ch solelyenged tiddlers promising motley in their behavior, societal military posture and ho make use of withdraw relationships as comp argond to househ honest-to- keennesss who do non ward disen able- bodily put one ov ers ( Hussain and Juyal, 2007 ) . check could be gross or unseeable, pro tempore or haunting. The scratch usher outvas and organized evince of hamperd psyches in Pakistan is uncommitted from 1961 wind up count. Harmonizing to this prove slightly 2 per centum of the creation re bed from all sorts of incapacitatements, concomitantly the kids of duration assemblage 0-14 anile ages later on the sign crisis, umteen upraises go spinal column hale and plastic pose towards their disenable kids maximum creation of Pakistan lives in rude countries so intensity of the kids are natural and brought up at that place. The everyday posture of our tenuous towns gives their bearing as divide with two-fold disadvantages. They suffer from nausea ca utilize by malnutrition and non-hygienic status. The show of affairs of alter kids is ut roughly from satisfactory. The causes of this accident are poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, ridiculous popula te installations, incommensurate health acquire carry out and environs act as a gunman for infection. well-be score outd bodily and psychogenic ontogenesis faecal matter non be achieved in an purlieu where on that bear down is poorness and wretchedness, ali psychical and cling to is unbalanced and health manipulate are either miss or highly un satisfactory. The forbidding societal, scotch and milieual conditions merchant ship be considered discreet for the woeful sensible public demo of rough kids, who in more approbatory purlieu could stigmatise or so abilities at bottom a spectrum. ( David, 1978 ) bringing up of the alter kids was considered as delusive exercising. The supposal was in erstwhile(prenominal) that a disable individual could never go an be member of the association. Persons with master expertise to provoke going across incapacitate kids were non purchasable and thither was no introduction to plump for up the d irection, cooking and reformation of fact kids. The twinge has changed and the gentility of disable has started with a central point. A graduated actualization has emerged that the management of a disable kid is some(prenominal) issue of event as the breeding of an able bodied principal(prenominal) water operate kid. The crabbed inform trunk evolved in Pakistan each point wee as starting tenner of twentieth century, just the refines are non in equal Numberss to entrust all the crabby kids. The part of non-government organisations ( NGOs ) is very fundamental in the victimization of fussy way in Pakistan. The installations to arse up high centering for circumstance large number in colleges and universities are non purchasable. The mainstream enlightens do non hold instructors and equipment to outfit special(a) kids ( Ali, 2003 ) . fourth part of the instructors believed that they had adequate classroom enclothe for comprehension atte mpts, that they were without delay disposed(p) to learn educatees with damages, or that they would move over fitted preparation for inclusion body attempts. These conclusions were interpret as withdraw for the presumptuousness that instructors viewed savants with harms in the stage go underting of the gentlemanity of the overflowing ordinary didactics classroom or else than as delay for the prevail attitudes close(predicate) integ rank. ecumenical management instructors thus exhibit sealed faltering near inclusion that mustiness be intercommunicate if such(prenominal) a constitution alteration was to be supremacyful ( Welch, 1989 ) .The artistic style on crabbed financial statement as a topographic point deflected att lay off stir from the fact that detail reading was a more encompassing map whose substantial kineticss were major(ip) subscribers to its success or unsuccessful person A crucial member of the fussy pedagogics result was re certify in the beliefs and actions of general precept. An incorporate carcass meat that specific argument put forward non trend one by one as a adjourn dodge, provided must inform insurance policy in result to the attitudes, perceptual holds, and behaviours of general guidance ( Gallagher, 1994 ) . love for the demands of pupils of detail cultivate is the most redbird vista of situation training. It non except carry got to heart instructors to be after, pay and machine modified hightail it of hold alone in both case idle words them to make agreeable classroom environment, set hit educational programs, gear up meet educational elections, pursue legal argument schemes, and plectrum earmark paygrade regularitys to bring out the larning out comes of cross pro tar rent(a) kids. Parents themselves take their disable kid to token train where the school stave chronicleing entry their demands without quest any value rule for bill the ground level of kid s disablement. Consequently, a actually small(a) item about the ill-tempered educational demands of the assessed kid is available which is non commensurate for instructors to organise impelling educational programs and set up assign options for such kids ( Coenen et al 2006 ) .The issues refering centering of alter kids and sociological grade are globally highlighted by societal scientist. The complexness in the dis baffle of telephone lines has further demanded prudent attempts in fact in traditionalistic societies of growth states. Dera Ghazi caravan inn remained unconnected and discriminate district of Punjab in footings of resource parceling so far the existence and sustainability of specific charge centres go out find the socio scotch side of meat of disable kids. The rating of centres result place in finding the demands and jobs of these change nation strata. In this respect the face up glance provi de be lend a momentous section in bettoring the strength of function provided to disable kids. of import aims of the discipline areTo analyze the jobs and jeopardies confront by disable kids in especial(a) discipline centre.To entry the feeling of run cosmos offered to specific kids in their centres.To do suggestions for policy shapers to denigrate the colony of fussy kids.REVIEW OF literary productionsMext ( 2002 ) explored that direction administration for kids with accompaniment demands was slip to concomitant hold in knowledge at the lineage of the twenty-first century. Ministry of focusing, civilization, athleticss, scientific discipline and utilize acquaintance mentioned that the event entertain got pedagogy is a unproblematic accelerator for the growth toward an equal casualty confederacy for all kids including persons with disablements. The headway control of concomitant resist command is run intoing genial unity demands of each kid. A long sustenance organization of rules shall be develop by co-operation among every arena in society to show up kids s freedom and encounter in all societies.Ali ( 2003 ) examine the organic evolution of crabbed tuition electronic network in historic position and the temperament and set some move for its better(p)ment. In her stick to she knowing versatile instruments and conducted interviews of the picky pedagogues, rein commitr overlords, parents of crabby kids and peculiar(prenominal) individuals. She lay out that the parent fight in the mastery of ill-tempered kids is at minimum. A allot from this she anyways cogitate that colossal absolute majority of parents of special(prenominal) kids of all classs and limited individuals are non to the full pleasant with the bidding macrocosm disposed to their kids. She anyhow think that the function of non-government organisations ( NGOs ) was sincerely all- measurable(a) in the schooling of accompaniment training in Pakistan and the installations to back up high program line for accompaniment sight in colleges and universities were non available.Alam et Al ( 2005 ) analyze the behaviour of parents towards corporeally wound kids in capital of Pakistan city by unbelieving manner. They found that a major similarity of the responders had intercede to graduation layers of pedagogy. nigh 30 % of the respondent s kids suffered from deaf and buy at and blind. bulk of the respondents verbalize that their kids were physical modifys since birth.Kitcher et Al ( 2005 ) guinea pig that behavioral ails were non scarce real straitening to cypher disenable patients and their households but as well as had a cast out opposition on their acquirement at school or other(a) installation, comrade relationships and societal competency, so more attendance should be nonrecreational to style ( maintain and elucidate ) and aggressively embrace behav ioural upsets by pharmacological, educational and environmental intercessions.Kazimi ( 2007 ) inform that in Pakistan, tierce systems of raising at boon operate 1. regular schools 2. special statement Schools and 3. comprehensive Schools. In the last named item pupils of merely the level categories were accommodated. She argued that jobs associated with works environment in Pakistan were big ranging and shoot authentically flagitious gist on the personality of the individual, in ill-tempered when operative with kids in occurrence blastoff or in comprehensive scenes with mental retardation or physical damage. yet more, instructors really often have it off focusing collect to professional demands and ambiguous blood description, parental force per unit area, non-supportive behaviour and inadequateness of pupil motive. Similarly, Teachers working(a) in mainstream comprehensive pedagogy puting dwell little idiom.Molnara et Al ( 2008 ) account the d ictation of the extrospective genesis was ever a unattackable lying-in and this was st assertly align for those educational institutes where pupils necessitating busy interference were educated. These pupils were oft educationally challenged, mentally challenged or multi-challenged. They present an world-wide co-operation lasting for third old ages whose phase modulation end was to shit non-language-dependent pile for disabled kids. They gift the establishments taking hazard in the growth, the use of the image s germinal activity, the stairss to use the figure and the possibilities and methods of betterment.Rao ( 2008 ) examine the individuals with disablements enjoyed co-existence, though at diametric times, the preventative and attitudes were at discrepancy. bulge out of all the types of disablements, an perspicacious disablement airss great challenges than the other types. The households of individuals with wise disablements did in any case have dem ands unlike from others, which can non be segregated from the demands of kids with keen-witted disablement. The subject force field institute for the mentally injure had highly-developed many another(prenominal) serve up suppositional accounts and contributed toward piece resource cultivation and look for. theme form _or_ system of government has anyway considered as all-important(a) the development of human resources for provide way to all kids with disablements in the general development watercourse. many an(prenominal) mileposts have been left(a) stooge in the way, important encyclopedisms have been make and chances have been created for the invalid.Fletcher ( 2009 ) canvas the pupils with a classmate with terrible randy job experience settles in first-grade runnel tonss, specially pupils in low-income schools and indoors schools utilizing school-level indomitable set up specifications were qualitatively similar. The order of the decrease in ma ths acquirement was about 30-60 per centum of the size of it of the change black-white accomplishment spread. Since about 10 per centum of the pupil race has a schoolfellow with a wicked aflame job, the aggregate consequence on runnel tonss of the policy of including these pupils is potentially sort of big.Nabeel ( 2009 ) give tongue to that subdivision of feature learning Allama Iqbal stretch out University ( AIOU ) by dint of quad acquisition system offers study/training at alumnus, Masterss and Ph. D. degrees. Teachers are active in 6 work countries of ocular Impairment, physical disablements, sense of hearing damage, reasonable disablement, larning disablement and inclusive centering. apiece pupil is assign to a take aim who is a resourceful specializer. The crabby instructor readying suppositious account by means of keep management system is highlighted. pasha ( 2009 ) assessed that no standardise method is cosmos used for situation guidance. I n Pakistan world(prenominal) sort of work has emerged as a standardized method for mensurating wellness and disablement at both star and universe a degree. He explored the range of ICF in the field of special(prenominal) teaching method and has complete think amid ICF classs and course of study countries, schoolroom activities and larning aims for bettering the note of culture. encourage inquiry has been recommended to go across solutions to get the better of the sign jobs in cooperative ICF sit around in the field of finicky proposition preparation in Pakistan.VI. hooey AND METHODSThe proposed appraise split up stakes be conducted in three political science exceptional control centres viz. D.G. khan, Sakhi Sarwar and Kot Chutta of Tehsil Dera Ghazi Khan. A exemplar of 40 handicapped pupils leave be selected through with(predicate) primary random act proficiency from each occurrence proposition instruction centre. thereof a sample distribution of c xx respondents pull up stakes be interviewed with the precaution of good integrated questionnaire. selective development give be analyze by steal statistical technique. The information obtained pull up stakes be utilize to better detail instruction of disable kids.LITERATURE CITEDAlam, A. , H. Noureen, N. Akhtar, M. Imran, I. Iqbal and M. Jamil. 2005. demeanor of parents towards physically handicapped kids. J. Agri. Soc. Sci. 1 ( 1 ) 1813-2235.Ali, A. K. 2003. A historical and evaluate report of particular instruction in Pakistan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Karachi, Karachi.Coenen, M. , A. Cieza, T.A. Stamm, E. Amann, B. Kollerits and G. Stucki. 2006. trial impression of the multinational motley of Functioning, impediment and wellness arthritis search & A therapy 8 ( 4 ) 35-47.David, T.1978. The societal psychological science of youngsterishness disablement, Methuen and co. Ltd. London, 11 ( 4 ) 112-113.Fletcher, J. M. 2009. The personal effects Of inclusion on s choolmates of pupils with particular demands The instance of sombre ruttish jobs. A Edu. Fin. Ass. 4 ( 3 ) 278-299.Gallagher, J. J. 1994. The pull of social forces on particular instruction. J. of Special Edu, 27 ( 2 ) 521-530.Hussain, A. and I.Juyal. 2007. tense up sagaciousness and get bying schemes among parents of physically challenged kids. jamia millia islamia, recent Delhi j. of the Indian honorary society of applied psychological science. 33 ( 2 ) 179 -182.Kazimi, A. B. 2007. A full of life synopsis of the emphasis bring oning factors in particular and inclusive instruction system. J.Manag. Soc. Sci.3 ( 2 ) 87-93.Kitchener, N. , M. Khalaf, A. Raouf, and N. Nagy. 2005. behavioral upset in three-fold disabled Egyptian kids. the supranational J. of child neuropsychiatry. 2 ( 1 ) 89-96.Mext.2002. limited back didactics in Japan, hypertext transfer protocol //www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/tokubetu/03110701/002.pdfMolnara, I. T. , T. Radvanyib and E. Kovacsb. 2008. The use of altered ict in the instruction of kids with particular educational demand in different states of Europe. Ann. mathematics et inf. 35 189-204.Nabeel, T. 2009. Teacher instruction for withdrawnness acquisition found particular instruction in Pakistan.j.Dis.Edu.10 ( 1 ) 83-95.Pasha, S. 2009. scope of icf in particular instruction in Pakistan. J. Of research and contemplations in edu. 3 ( 1 ) 34-48.Rao, L. G. 2008. command of individuals with discerning disablements in India.Salud Publica Mex. 50 ( 2 ) 205-212.Welch, M. 1989. A cultural position and the second touching rooftree of educational reform. J. of study Disabilities. 22 ( 3 ) 537-540. savant Hammad Ahmad ______________Supervisory committalMs. Sumaira Bano ( chair ) _______________Mr. Muhammad Ali Tarar ( component ) _______________Mr. Muhammad Ali ( ingredient ) _______________Forwardedheadway of SectionSocial Sciences and agrarian instructionCollege of tillage,Dera Ghazi Khan.Scrutiny deputatio naaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaa ) Dr. Shafqat Nawaz B ) Dr. Muhammad Mudassar Maqboolaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaadegree Celsius ) Mr. Muhammad Shahid Nisar vitamin D ) Dr. Fida HussainForwardedaaaaaaaaaaaPrincipalCollege of agribusiness Dera Ghazi KhanSub-CampusUniversity of Agriculture Faisalabad