How Alex Fuhrman Has Filed a Case against Frederick, Hibbs, and Uvex Article

How Alex Fuhrman Has Filed a Case against Frederick, Hibbs, and Uvex Corporation - Article Example After a period of five years of Alex being in service, the corporation went public. The company built a state-of-the-art facility for cancer treatment. San Rafael was highly capitalized with highly sophisticated radiation therapy equipment. San Rafael was the best-known center due to its best services in treatment of cancer. San Rafael received research donations from generous patience, business parties, and even the public. The research group consisted of key leading scientists with doctorate degrees in biochemistry. Alex was made the administrative head of the cancer research and treatment department. In order to replace Alex a new accountant and financial manager, Christopher Hibbs was hired in West coast division. Hibbs had worked Sacramento city as a bookkeeper. He had a very good recommendation letter from his former employer and Fredrick recommended that Hibbs should be hired as a financial accountant of Uven. Hibbs wanted to make new changes in his management different from those made by Alex. He prepared and sent his financial report directly to the executive controller. Frederic found a memo from Alex stating that some funds were missing, this had happened when Alex was the financial controller. A meeting was organized whereby Alex overreacted and did not finalize into reconciliation with Hibbs. Alex filled a lawsuit. There is the lack of communication between Alex and Hibbs and that has gone to the extent where Alex has filed a case against the company, Frederick, and Hibbs. Alex thinks that Memo from Hibbs as slanderous. He is an administrator and thus he was supposed to handle this case with patience but not being emotionally uncontrollable. Because of good communication, Frederick and the executive controller did not mind asking further questions on Hibbs competence before giving him the job.  

Reflection on the Development of a Nursing Teacher Essay

Reflection on the Development of a Nursing Teacher - Essay Example This paper describes the highlights from an individual analysis of my competence as a preceptor (Forest, 2004:77-78). Different students have varying learning styles and this gives me the impetus to assess whether I have been able to address the needs of each student (Black, 2004:68). I have to discern the abilities of the students carefully in order to determine whether they have gained the relevant skills. Using the John’s reflective model, I embarked on a reflection to identify my progress as a nurse playing the assessment role. Guided by this model, I related to experiences in the workplace, their consequences, and influencing factors and highlighted how such experiences have improved my learning process. Due to the varying learning needs of students, I have allocated different sessions for each student whom I should assess. I give attention to first year students who are new in the course and are taking their first clinical practice. Understanding their personality is ess ential as it helps me determine the best approaches to use to impart skills in each student. (Fleming, McKee, and Huntley-Moore, 2011:450-457). In addition, students need guidelines to help to help them run activities on their own. Understanding the different learning styles and designing appropriate assessment skills will help me become a better preceptor (McDonough and Osterbrink, 2005:89-90). In the future, I should be able to assess each student extensively and help him or her improve in learning the relevant nursing skills. From my own learning orientation, I can present concepts effectively and then advance to giving details of the concepts. However, I realize that this puts off analytic learners who expect a stepwise presentation of ideas so that they can construct the complete picture. I have to broaden my assessment methods and rise above the challenge. Experience has taught me how to address the different personality types in assessment. Endowed with characteristics of an introvert, it becomes demanding to design effective modules for students who are extroverts, as they need more interactive sessions (Li, Chen and Tsai, 2008:71-74). However, I have been trying to give students group work tasks on critical issues at times in order to address the needs of judging extroverts. Feelers need a more sensitive approach that will create a favorable learning environment. Understanding the varying needs prompts me to use a more integrative assessment approach. Through this understanding, it becomes easier for me to develop strategies and standards of assessment. A nurse preceptor has the responsibility of nurturing the traits of a good nurse in the learners. I realize the importance of this and I have been presenting them with tasks that build patience and compassion. Nurses should be able to nurture well and possession of this trait prompts many students to take up nursing after their personality type tests (Li, Chen and Tsai, 2008:71-74). As an assessor, I s hould complement this trait with a critical understanding of the nursing practice in the students. An efficient nurse should be able to make critical judgment on different occasions. In order to build this criticality in making judgment, i present my students with critical tasks each week in which they describe their actions and ethics and values that dictated their decisions in each task. The most important aspect I have learned as a nurse teacher is that facilitation of the learning process is more effective

Islamic Banking Systems in the UK

Islamic Banking Systems in the UK Ch. 1 Introduction This chapter provides a brief background of Islamic banking in the world as well as in the UK about its system and practice. The Islamic financial law has long history but Islamic banking and finance industry came into existence with Profit and Loss Sharing investment. Egypts Mit Ghamr Saving Banks in 1963. After official existence Islamic banking has grown in the area of finance, banking, insurance, mortgage, and assets management business with annual growth rate of 10-15 %. But actual development in Islamic banking is started after 1970 with new investment techniques, strategies and product development (Steward, 2008). Dubai Islamic Bank (DIB) is known as world first Islamic bank it was formed in 1975. Currently it has 48 branches which great services. DIB offers higher returns than conventional banking system as well they provide auto, home and personal finance products, (Platt, 2008). Islamic banking is a relatively little known in the West, and greater interest in disgust. The idea of Islamic Banking, but contains much more than the prohibition of interest. Islamic banking shows that ethics and finance can be connected to serve the society. The idea is to eliminate the banking system of injustice in the society. A clear link with the religion of Islam can lead to mistrust among the citizens in the West, perhaps out of fear of the unknown. Todays global society in the Arab world and the Islamic banking system is closer to us and must be treated. If the Islamic bank and its ethical values for the first time it will be utopia, the economic actors in the world. Attitudes are changing, but slowly, and in recent years, the value of the traditional banking system, which has begun to lo ok neutral, the conscience of a growing number of people. Author do not want to funds, banks and financial institutions, releases to companies which invest ethically and socially harmful act. The aim of this study is the question of Islamic banking important to clarify and explain some of their links to politics, history and religion. Islamic finance is on Islamic law Shariah that offers all the solutions and economic problems of the foundation. Under Islamic law, interest completely forbidden in Islam, because the interest rates very negative impact on society, such as the ability, purchasing power and increasing poverty, uneven distribution of the credit crisis and the economy. According to Usmani (2005) the main drawback in interest based system is financier has no concern with money when he gives an interest bearing loan to a client. But in Islamic financial contract cash money is not given to client, first of all they purchase the commodity and transfer to client then all profi t and loss will be distributed between parties according to agreed terms and conditions (Usmani, 2005). Is allegations that investment in Islamic financial system is very good for the economy, since the actual failure and the equilibrium, and it is helpful to improve the economy and society. Economic Law of Islam, there are some funds methods, such as Musharaka, Murabaha, Ijarah mudaraba and all the details of the case of the treaty, and some agreements in place systems for sharing profits and losses. Islamic financial system is based on the sharing of risks between the parties and the burden is not entirely consistent with the Parties. Islamic finance is not only the Muslim community because they are the moral and ethical approach to finance and investment. Islamic finance is also popular in all communities in the United Kingdom. Islamic finance has a number of challenges in the UK because the financial system is attractive to the traditional banking system, but the Islamic banking has great potential in the United Kingdom because it has less to five years in an Islamic bank carried out a significant role in the British financial markets . Ch. 2 The Problem According to the figures of Office for National Statistics 2001, there was 2.2 million (3.4%) Muslims living in the United Kingdom (National Statistics, 2010), but according to Home Secretary the Muslim population is increasing with high growth rate. In just seven years there is an increase of 40,000 Muslims in the UK and figures reached on more than 2 million which consist of 3.3% of total UK population (Guardian, 2010) There was no way available to the Muslims in the United Kingdom before 2000, but the Muslim population would spend their lives for their faith. Depending on the interest of Islamic education in Islam is strictly forbidden, and they want banking services such as savings accounts, checking accounts, mortgages, insurance and loans, backed by the Islamic law Sha Riah. The United Kingdom is a non-Muslim and all of its financial rules and rules for the traditional banking system. While the Muslim community has an active role in the economy, there was no need for a system that can start to accept these people. Islamic banking began in England in 2003, so that the Financial Services Authority. By 2003-2009, there is sufficient improvement and development of Islamic banking. There are currently two main part of traditional banks and Islamic banks, Islamic banking in its entirety. But the growing Islamic banking and start-up phase, and the Islamic bank is is a number of challenges in western s ociety as a socially, economically, and the contract terms. Instead of all the Islamic Bank now traditional banks also offer Islamic banking services with traditional banks such as HSBC Amanah offers the authors name is his own account in the name Lloyds TSB Islamic current account. Ch. 3 Aims and Objectives The United Kingdom is a non-Islamic country, the financial and banking rules most of the traditional banking system, because it is an Islamic bank is facing difficulties in the way of his progress. In other words, these problems, big challenges in the Islamic banking business, if they work hard to develop the Islamic banking in a short time. The study aims to identify opportunities for development and growth of Islamic banking in the United Kingdom and who are the biggest problems currently facing from the Islamic banking in the world in general and the United Kingdom in particular. I have divided the investigation of issues in three different areas, know that the banks and the Islamic banking sector, because is difficult without a basic understanding of information, develop the financial system, whether the opportunity for growth and development in the UK and what are the Challenges for Islamic Banking. This area will cover the basic and fundamentals of Islamic banking. It shows if the community and banks have a better understanding of Islamic finance and its exercise then it will play important role for development of Islamic banking in the UK. How important is to know the fundamentals of Islamic banking for Muslim Community and services providers? Do Muslim community really believe and understand the difference of Islamic and conventional banking? What are the factors that make Islamic banking prior to conventional banking to Muslim community? How important is Shariah law and its practice for Islamic finance and the role of Islamic scholars in promoting Islamic banking services and its products? The main research objectives of this project to be addressed are as follow: Is Islamic banking sector has a potential for product development? Whether Islamic banking is in position to satisfy its customers? Is Islamic banking has a potential to perform active role in the UK Financial Market and its growth in market development? Do Islamic banking able to enhance the investment opportunities in the UK and whether it can play prominent role for the UK economy? Is there any affect of the UK environment (political, social and geographical) for growth and development of Islamic banking? Is Islamic banking has proper regulatory and institutional framework in the UK? Whether Islamic banking has any problem in the UK in respect of supervision and scholarly committee? Is Islamic banking full informative to its customers or facing any difficulty in its marketing sector? Is Islamic banking in position to survive and develop in the age of competition and globalization?

William Butler Yeats Essay examples -- English Literature Essays

William Butler Yeats One of Ireland's finest writers, William Butler Yeats served a long apprenticeship in the arts before his genius was fully developed. He did some of his greatest work after he was fifty. Yeats was born in Dublin, Ireland, on June 13, 1865. His father was a lawyer-turned-Irish painter. In 1867 the family followed him to London and settled in Bedford Park. In 1881 they returned to Dublin, where Yeats studied the Metropolitan School of Art. Yeats spent much time with his grandparents in County Sligo in northwestern Ireland. The scenery and folklore of this region greatly influenced Yeats' work. For a while he studied art, but during the 1890s he became active in London's literary life and helped found the Rhymers' Club. Yeats' early work was not especially Irish. Soon, however, he began to look to the ancient rituals and pagan beliefs of the land for his artistic inspiration. He tried to merge this interest with his aristocratic tastes to create an original Irish poetry and to establish his own identity. In 1896 Yeats met Lady Gregory, an aristocrat and playwright who shared his interest in Ireland's past, especially in its folklore. In 1899 they formed a literary society that was the predecessor of the Abbey Theatre. Among his plays were 'The Countess Cathleen' (1892) and 'Cathleen ni Houlihan' (1902), with Maud Gonne in the title role. In 1899 he proposed to her, but she refused to marry him. As a means of getting closer to Maud, Yeats later... William Butler Yeats Essay examples -- English Literature Essays William Butler Yeats One of Ireland's finest writers, William Butler Yeats served a long apprenticeship in the arts before his genius was fully developed. He did some of his greatest work after he was fifty. Yeats was born in Dublin, Ireland, on June 13, 1865. His father was a lawyer-turned-Irish painter. In 1867 the family followed him to London and settled in Bedford Park. In 1881 they returned to Dublin, where Yeats studied the Metropolitan School of Art. Yeats spent much time with his grandparents in County Sligo in northwestern Ireland. The scenery and folklore of this region greatly influenced Yeats' work. For a while he studied art, but during the 1890s he became active in London's literary life and helped found the Rhymers' Club. Yeats' early work was not especially Irish. Soon, however, he began to look to the ancient rituals and pagan beliefs of the land for his artistic inspiration. He tried to merge this interest with his aristocratic tastes to create an original Irish poetry and to establish his own identity. In 1896 Yeats met Lady Gregory, an aristocrat and playwright who shared his interest in Ireland's past, especially in its folklore. In 1899 they formed a literary society that was the predecessor of the Abbey Theatre. Among his plays were 'The Countess Cathleen' (1892) and 'Cathleen ni Houlihan' (1902), with Maud Gonne in the title role. In 1899 he proposed to her, but she refused to marry him. As a means of getting closer to Maud, Yeats later...

The Security Investigation

Part I. The availability of the personal computer or PC at every home and every office desktop, and the dawn of the Internet brought to focus not only the benefits derived from these technologies but abuse and to a greater extent, crimes as well. Suddenly, cybercrime is at an all time high and ways and means of detecting and making these criminal hackers pay became a forefront competence in information technology and law enforcement. One of the best deterrents to computer crime is to catch those who commit the dastardly acts (Solomon & Prosise, 2001)! Of all the types of criminal hackers, the worse is the â€Å"insider† – a current employee or a former â€Å"disgruntled employee† – since they are or were in a â€Å"trust relationship† with their employer, and they demeaned that trust by attacking the information systems of the company. When this type of crime, or cybercrime, occurs, the recourse is to call in computer forensics and incident response professionals to remedy the situation. Solomon et al. (2005) describes computer forensics as, â€Å"Computer investigation and analysis techniques that involve the identification, preservation, extraction, documentation, and interpretation of computer data to determine potential legal evidence.† Once there is a probable determination that a cybercrime was committed, the computer forensics and incident response experts follow a well-choreograph methodology to successfully document evidence and prosecute a cybercrime. Robbins (2002) lists down the basic but critical procedures to computer forensics: 1.Protect the subject computer system during the forensic examination from any possible alteration, damage, data corruption, or virus introduction; 2.Discover all files on the subject system including existing normal files, deleted yet remaining files, hidden files, password-protected files, and encrypted files; 3.Recover as much as possible all of discovered deleted files; 4.Reveal to the extent possible the contents of hidden files as well as temporary or swap files used by both the application programs and the operating system; 5.Access, if possible and if legally appropriate, the contents of protected or encrypted files; 6.Analyze all possibly relevant data found in special and typically inaccessible areas of a disk including but not limited to the ‘unallocated' space on a disk, as well as ‘slack' space in a file; 7.Print an overall analysis of the subject computer system, including listing of all possibly relevant files and discovered file data, then provide an opinion of the system layout, the file structures discovered, any discovered data and authorship information, any attempts to hide, delete, protect, encrypt information, and anything else that has been discovered and appears to be relevant to the overall computer system examination; and 8.Provide expert consultation and/or testimony, as required. While the experts are doing the investigation, it is important to liaise and coordinate, depending upon the legal parameters of the crime, with local or federal cybercrime units. In some states in the U.S., it is a federal crime not to report computer crimes and soon, reporting of cybercrimes will be federally mandated. But the key point in cybercrime investigation is ensuring that the evidence gathered will stand up to legal scrutiny. Part II. A common story heard about cybercrimes is the use of â€Å"social engineering techniques.† Social engineering basically is playing the â€Å"con man† to elicit information from gullible or unknowing victims. A Help Desk employee for example can call a secretary and ask for her password since he needs it to diagnose her PC remotely. Since there is a â€Å"trust relationship† already, the secretary gives her PC password. The Help Desk employee then accessed the secretary's PC and downloaded confidential memos and reports. He then sells these documents to competitors and the competitors ended up gaining advantage on the Help Desk employee's company because they already have insider information. A case like this could have been prevented if the company, or even any government agency, had good security policies in place. Part of the security policies would have been user education training and if the user's had been properly trained, they would have known that nobody needs to know their passwords but themselves. In securing the information systems, the baseline or starting point is having good security policies in place and these policies should and must be based on globally accepted standards and industry best practices. The ISO 17799 or Code of Practice for Information Security Management (ISO/IEC, 2005) is always one of the best standards to adapt whether small, medium or large enterprises – even government agencies for that matter! Shaurette (2002) stated that, â€Å"Information security is not just about technological controls. Security cannot be achieved solely through the application of software or hardware. Any attempt to implement technology controls without considering the cultural and social attitudes of the corporation is a formula for disaster.† Once this has been taken into mind, mitigation of risks to the information systems will be achieved and prevention of cybercrimes, whether from malicious insiders or external criminal hackers, will be tempered.

Mental Health Counseling

Professional competence among practicing mental health counselors has not been resolved yet whether it is attained through a licensure or higher educational training of this field.   As per many researches that have been conducted, it takes a lot of training and experience before one could get competence.   Besides, counseling a person with a mental health problem requires adequacy and expertise because irrelevant referral may result to a more aggravated condition on the part of the patient.   Thus, the issue of competence among mental health counselor requires a more rigid consideration for comprehensive trainings designed to develop competency. Professional competency is not acquired easily after four years of education in college nor if someone practicing it finds counseling a less difficult one.   Even highly experienced therapist may also seek professional help or doubt their abilities as counselors according to Gerald Corey, Marianne Schneider Corey and Patrick Callanan (p. 315).   This is why; many experts recommend a kind of training for these counselors in order to meet criteria of a competent counselor especially in dealing with mental health problem. There are practical ways in approaching difficult cases that requires good judgment.   In the first place, a counselor must identify whether he can do something about the problem, and refer that client to another therapist long before the allotted sessions end and not at the last day of therapy.   This only annoys the client and causes him to be disappointed further because of irresponsible referral. Based on the common issues observed in counseling sessions, the therapist must understand two factors that may contribute to his effectiveness: his judgment of the case and adequate training. Personal judgment of the case involves how a counselor evaluates the case and his own capability to handle it.   This also engages whether the case needs referral and when or how to communicate that to the client.   Referral is the last option when all the possible resources have been used up or exhausted. Training on other hand, is one basic component of competence.   Training must be comprehensive and organized in terms of selection of trainees, content, and best approaches to ensure desired results (Corey, Corey & Callanan, p. 319).   Meanwhile, the kind of training to obtain licensure is under the jurisdiction of the accreditation committee; however, in most cases, licensure is given to those who obtained degree of psychology in college.   Here, the necessary trainings to develop a student are incorporated in the curriculum.   Generally, hands-on training is the transition point of students to have him acquire knowledge and skills. The content of a training program should be structured around a specific theoretical orientation that revolves around challenges as seen by concerned groups such as schools and practicing practitioners. Corey, et.al. pointed out that content must be objective and practical enough to offer students a variety of therapeutic techniques and strategies that can be applied to variety of problems (p. 332).   Training program then must provide theoretical explanation to given problems in order to help them formulate rationale for every situation. Professional licensing may indicate that a person is competent as long as a comprehensive program is offered to students by the school and licensing department of the government.   – stated, â€Å"Licensing examination generally contains a written component which may be supplemented by oral examination or practicum exam (patient diagnosis or counseling).   These examination are commonly written or administered by the state board which also provides for scoring them and determines what â€Å"passing† scores are (p. 132). Also, on the part of the school, â€Å"The supervision work experience or practicum is meant to ensure that during the initial years of practice, the professional has the guidance necessary to deal with the complexities of practice.   It is a transition period between the intense supervision that is supposed to be part of academic training (p. 132). Work Cited Corey, G., Corey, M., & Callanan, P. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions 7th Edition. Smith, S. & Meyer, R. 1987.   Law, Behavior, and Mental Health: Policy and Practice. USA: NYU Press.      

What do Recruiters Want in a Resume Answers within…

What do Recruiters Want in a Resume Answers within†¦ Last week I heard from one of my clients who was offered a new job. When she got the offer, the hiring manager told her that when they saw her resume, they just *had* to find out who the person was behind this unusually crafted document! Interestingly, she had gotten less positive feedback from some other people. Yet she stuck with her slightly unconventional resume and it led her to a great job. A Sea of Opinions Perhaps what drives job seekers crazy more than anything else is that if they ask 7 people to review their resume, they will get 7 different opinions about what is working and not working about the document. This state of affairs is challenging for me as a resume writer too: no matter how great I think a resume is, there will always be someone who disagrees with at least something about it. In an attempt to set the record straight, and to debunk the rumors and folklore that abound in conversation about resume writing, Career Directors International recently conducted a survey of recruiters, human resource professionals and hiring authorities: Global Hiring Trends 2012 I encourage you to read the entire report if you can. It is a quick read, full of illustrative graphs and charts. To give you an idea of what’s in there, I am highlighting some of the most salient results here. The Truth about Page Limits! A question that comes up extremely frequently with job seekers is whether their resume can be more than one page- or more than two pages. During my Top 10 Ways to Make Resume Writing FUN webinar on July 12, someone asked whether his resume could be automatically rejected by a company simply for breaking the 2-page barrier. I am happy to report that these fears are for the most part unfounded. Page Preferences for Executive Resumes In the survey, 37% of respondents stated that â€Å"length is not an issue as long as the resume provides the right data to make decisions†- and 8% actually preferred a 3-page resume, vs. 6% who preferred a 1-pager! (Only 34% preferred a 2-page resume.) Perhaps most important, 58% of respondents stated that they would NOT penalize an executive candidate for having a resume that did not meet their preferences (only 5% stated they would do so). Here’s a surprise to me: Several respondents stated that 5 pages was the maximum length they would read! Did you hear that, ladies and gentlemen? A 5-page resume! I think this reality check is a good one for any executives attempting to squeeze their resume onto 2 pages. Clearly it is more important to include essential information such as achievements and experiences than to meet some mythical page requirement. A hard-hitting resume with a compelling message about what the executive will do for a company will almost always be read, regardless of length. Page Preferences for Non-Executive Resumes When it comes to non-executive resumes, there is a higher preference for 2-page resumes, at 37%, and a lower percentage of respondents who didn’t have a preference (21%). One-page resumes were preferred by 21% of respondents for non-executive resumes, and only 6% preferred a 3-page resume. I’m putting my money on the 2-page resume for non-execs! Conclusion on the page length issue: It’s not size that matters- it’s content! A hefty 54% of respondents said the length would not really matter if the resume were well-written and highly focused. As one respondent stated, â€Å"As long as the person has a reason for several pages and I can find value in what is written, I don’t care. However, if the rà ©sumà © is filled with nothing but job duties on 80 separate lines, it is a waste of space and my time.† (The same could be said of a 1-page resume that doesn’t deliver the goods.) Resume Format and Design Format and design questions rank high on jobseekers’ question lists. The question that most interested me was about graphs and charts on resumes. Surprisingly, 33% of respondents still have not received a resume with a chart or a graph. 24% of those who had seen charts and graphs found them helpful or very helpful, while 22% found them distracting. These results are rather inconclusive but indicate to me that if you work in a conservative industry it might be best to stick to the tried and true bullet format; in more innovative industries I think charts and graphs can be a great fresh approach. Also for someone climbing the ladder within the same company, charts and graphs might be very effective. I was also intrigued by the response to rumors that some recruiters and hiring managers never click live links because of the possibility of viruses. The results of this survey tell a different story. Although 17% of respondents never click on links, 62% of reported that they sometimes or always click on hyperlinks when provided. Regarding format, the survey found that Word (.doc or .docx) is the preferred format for receiving resumes by far, although 23% preferred PDFs. Tooting Your Horn I have begun to include testimonials on almost every resume. Should you put them on yours? Although 41% of respondents said testimonials would not influence their decision positively, 29% stated they would. To me that’s enough support to continue my practice of including testimonials when space allows. I’d rather have someone else sing my clients’ praises than have the clients toot their own horns. You might want to find a quotable quote for your own resume as well. No Rules What this survey brought home for me is that there are no hard and fast rules of resume writing. However, if you focus on communicating your skills and accomplishments honestly and professionally, in a way that matches who you are, I figure you can’t go wrong. Sure, as my client found out, there are multiple opinions out there and there is no way you will please everyone. But in the end, you only need to impress one person: the one who hires you. Do you want professional resume writing services to make sure you make the right impression? The Essay Expert’s Resume and Cover Letter Services will turn your resume into gold.

Catholic Art verse Protestant Art essays

Catholic Art verse Protestant Art essays In this essay I am going to show the differences and similarities between Catholic and Protestant art works. I am first going to give a brief background into the history of the time. I am going to explain how the Protestant movement started and how it effected the art works of the relevant countries. I am going to show that the conflict between the two religions created war and social unrest between countries. I am then going to show the differences and similarities between the two. I will then use examples of art works from Vermeer, Rembrandt, Caravaggio and Rubens to show the differences and similarities. At the beginning of the 16th Century, there was a group of people who broke away from the Catholic Church. They were led by Martin Luther, and the group which broke away was called the Protestants. The Protestant group challenged the workings of the Catholic Church - they believed that if a person wanted to speak to God, they did not have to go and speak to a priest, to have what they wanted said to God. The Protestants believed that the Catholic Church had been taking an unfair advantage of the people. The Catholic Church at this point in time was losing members to the Protestant movement. They were not pleased with this. They tried in all their power to get people back to the church. One of the main ways that they tried to get people back was through the art. They had work that was bold and striking, it caught the imagination of the viewer. It awed them, tried to get them to belong to the Catholic Church. During this time in history, the Kings and Queens of countries where very religious. They were either Catholic or Protestant in faith. In these specific countries the art work of the chosen faith was supported and even promoted. Hence, the Catholic faith was based around the countries of Spain and Italy. The Protestant faith was based around the Netherlands and Germany. Due to...

Animal Farm By George Orwell

Animal Farm By George Orwell Essay Animal Farm by George OrwellCharacters, items, and events found in George Orwells book, Animal Farm, can be compared to similar characters, items, and events found in Marxism and the 1917 Russian Revolution. This comparison will be shown by using the symbolism that is in the book with similarities found in the Russian Revolution. Old Major was a prized-boar that belonged to Farmer Jones. The fact that Old Major is himself a boar was to signify that radical change and revolution are, themselves, boring in the eyes of the proletariat (represented by the other barnyard animals), who are more prone to worrying about work and survival in their everyday life. Old Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Majors role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas were to lead to the communist revolution. Animal Farm is a criticism of Karl Marx, as well as a novel perpe tuating his convictions of democratic Socialism. (Zwerdling, 20). Lenin became leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Like the animals in the farm yard, the people is Russia thought there would be no oppression in a new society because the working class people (or animals) would own all the riches and hold all the power. (Golubeva and Gellerstein 168). Another character represented in the book is Farmer Jones. He represents the symbol of the Czar Nicholas in Russia who treated his people like Farmer Jones treated his animals. The animal rebellion on the farm was started because Farmer Jones was a drunk who never took care of the animals and who came home one night, left the ga te open and the animals rebelled. Czar Nicholas was a very weak man who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The Czar made his working class people very mad with the way he wielded his authority and preached all the time, and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. The Czar said ?The law will henceforward be respected and obeyed not only by the nation but also the authority that rules it and that the law would stand above the changing views of the individual instruments of the supreme power.? (Pares 420). The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didnt talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In one part of the book Napoleon charged the dogs on Snowball, another animal. Stalin became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes i n history. In was not till very many years later that the world found out about the many deaths that Stalin created in Russia during the Revolution. For almost 50 years the world thought that the Nazis had done the killing in Russia, when in fact it was Stalin. (Imse 2). The last characters that are symbolic of each other are the animal Snowball with the Russian leader Trotsky. Snowball was very enthusiastic and was a leader who organized the defense of the farm. He gave speeches and instructions but was not very beneficial. All the other animals liked him, but he was outsmarted by Napoleon. Trotsky and Stalins relationship was very much like Snowballs and Napoleons. Trotsky organized the Red Army and gave speeches and everyone in Russia thought he would win power over Stalin. After Lenins death Trotsky lost all his power to Stalin and was expelled from the communist party. He was at one time considered the second most powerful man in Russia. (Trotsky? Comptons 290). Besides charact ers there are many items that can be compared as symbols in the book and in Russia. The whip that Napoleon used in the farmyard to wield power can be compared to the power that Stalin used on the Russians. Napoleon carried a whip in his trotter. Stalin used his power to starve the Russian people and to have Lenin arrested. Stalins main goal was to maximize his personal power. (?Stalin,? Britannia 576). Stalin ?whipped? his people into shape by collectivizing agriculture, by police terror, and by destroying remnants of individual prosperity. He also led the Soviet Union into the nuclear age (Clarkson 442). Propaganda is another item that was used in the Russian revolution. It can be compared to Squealer in Animal Farm. Squealer brainwashed (a form of propaganda) the barnyard animals into believing that they did not like apples and milk, while he and Napoleon were stealing the food for themselves. In Russia, the Bolsheviks carried out propaganda on the people by passing out leaflets a nd putting stories in the newspapers that were not true. They told workers, soldiers, and peasants to not trust their own hands and to take away land from the landowners. (Golubeva and Gellerstein 80). Another item that is similar in both Animal Farm and Russia are the dogs and the secret police. Napoleon trained his dogs when they were puppies to guard him and to obey his every command. They chased Snowball away. Stalin trained his secret police to do his bidding whenever he issued an order. Stalin had his secret police kill between 60,000 to 70,000 people. These police were called the Checka and the graves filled with bodies stacked upon each other with bullets in each skull were found many years later. (Imse, C2). Another symbolism that exists in the book and in Russia is a similarity to events that took place. The windmill that is present in Animal Farm can be compared with the growth of industry in Russia or the Industrial Revolution. Snowball first introduced the windmill conc ept to the farm but Napoleon disagreed with him and had the dogs chase him away. Napoleon then presented the windmill as a good idea and the animals were presented with hope that things would get better on the farm. When it blew down, Napoleon blamed it on Snowball. Napoleon thought that if he could keep the barnyard animals busy all the time replacing the windmill that they would not realize how bad their living conditions were, and he could blame the destruction all the time on Snowball. The windmill is the only thing that was holding the animals together as a unit. In Russia the growth of factory and industry was very depressing but depended on the obligatory labor of serfs. Russia hoped that by keeping the serfs working all the time and promising them a better world that they would not realize how bad their living conditions were. The Industrialists were pressing their own constitutional demands. (Clarkson 352). None of the social classes were fighting each other because there w ere no classes left. What Russia got working was to make the people think that the prospect of loss of potential improvements in conditions of life of the here and now, could only be attained by stimulating labor to unprecedented efforts. The last event that was similar in the book and in Russia was the animal rebellion on the farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917. Farmer Jones was drunk a lot and would forget to feed the animals on the farm. The withholding of this food is what finally forced the animals on the farm to rebel against Farmer Jones. In Russia, there were many food shortages which caused the people to demonstrate and then the Russian soldiers refused to suppress them and the leaders demanded that Nicholas transfer his power to parliamentary government because everything was getting out of control. Soviet workers and soldiers formed a special committee and established a government. The same day the emperor abdicated. (?Russian Revolution,? Grolier npa). This actually backfired in Russia and the war continued and the people still starved. Many lessons can be learned by reading Animal Farm that can help countries and governments around the world from making mistakes in wielding their power against their people. If a population is suppressed and not allowed to accumulate things for themselves then an overthrow of the government that is suppressing them will be the result. WORKS CITEDClarkson, Jesse. A History of Russia. New York: Random House, 1969. Golubeva, T. and L. Gellerstein. Early Russia The Russie. Moscos, Press Agency Publishing House, 1976. Imse, Ann. Mass Grave Seen as Evidence of Massecure by Stalins Police. ?Hunstsville Times, 13, August. 1990. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Signet 50th Anniversary Edition, Harcourt Brace Company, 1996. Pares, Sir Bernard. The Fall of the Russian Monarchy. New York: A division of Random House, 1939. ?Russian Revolution of 1917.? Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. 1992 ed. ?Stalin, Joseph.? Encyclopedi a Britannica. 1917 ed. READ: Mahatma gandhi Essay

Operations Management at Superior Maintenance Services Case Study

Operations Management at Superior Maintenance Services - Case Study Example Through the help of the government agency for technical education and skills development it has developed a manpower training programmeand is considered industry partner for skills development in this sector. With its widespread popularity and good reputation, it has recently diversified its offerings to include marketing and distribution of other organisation's products through joint venture agreements, such as those for restroom odourcounteractant dispensers, floor mats, electronic air cleaners, waterfree urinals, air fresheners, liquid soap dispensers, and rent-a plant services. Business operations at SMS include massive recruitment of potential workers, manpower training, client sourcing, client servicing, manpower deployment and deployed manpower monitoring and supervision, and customer accounting. A full time staff of 30 employees handle administrative services such as accounting and finance, personnel administration, recruitment, marketing and sales, and accounts management through regular coordination by account officers with clients as well as deployed personnel at client premises. According to Slack et al (2004), there are five operations performance objectives: speed, quality, flexibility, dependability or reliability, and efficiency, which includes cost-effectiveness. Speed is the length of time to serve customer orders for products or services, from the moment a customer order is placed up to the time a product or service is delivered. The performance objective of speed is to lessen this length of time. At SMS, speed is a very important objective because normally, a client requests for janitorial or manpower services because of a present and usually urgent need. The ability to serve such requests speedily is critical, otherwise the client may opt to place the order with a competing service provider. To help assure a ready supply of manpower for deployment purposes, continuous recruitment and training is conducted by SMS. Qualified recruits are immediately asked to undergo training to prepare them for immediate deployment as soon as assignments are confirme d with the client. Trainees pay a minimal fee for to cover the cost of materials used during training, consisting of reading materials. At times, some qualified personnel have already joined another organisation. But sine, the manpower pool is large, service delivery times are maintained. The cost of recruitment and training are borne by the company as part of its operating expenses. Quality is the degree to which products and services meet the specifications promised by the organisation to its customers. And to achieve a high and consistent quality, a set of standard procedures must be stringently followed to ensure quality service as well as high-quality products manufactured. In terms of quality service delivery, SMS ensures that the workers it deploys are sufficiently skilled and qualified to perform the services they have to deliver by making them undergo the standard training which is a combination of lectures, demonstrations and hands-on drills and exercises. Moreover, since SMS manufactures its own cleaning solutions, equipment and materials, it has

Healthcare Management Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Research Paper

Healthcare Management Centers for Medicare and Medicaid - Research Paper Example care has other responsibilities which include the standards for administrative simplification from the (Cms.gov, 2014) Accountability Act of 1996 and (Allgov.com, 2014) Health Insurance Portability. It also has another responsibility for worth standards in durable health care facilities through its certification process and survey (Cms.gov, 2014) process, quality standards for clinical laboratory under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments as well as oversight of HealthCare.gov. (Allgov.com, 2014) The Medicare together with Medicaid programs were contracted into law on 30th July 1965 (Cms.gov, 2014). LBJ who was the president by then is seen at the signing ceremony during independence at the Truman library in Missouri (Cms.gov, 2014). Truman who was the former president is also pictured seated beside him. President LBJ held the ceremony there in honor of the leadership of President Truman on health insurance. He had first proposed it in 1945. The most important legislative modification to Medicare referred to as the Medicare Modernization Act was as well signed into law by (Cms.gov, 2014) President George W. Bush (Cms.gov, 2014) from Texas, on 8th December 2003. This historic legislation is of significance to the outpatient as it adds the outpatient’s drug prescription advantage to Medicare and it also leads to many other significant changes (Cms.gov, 2014). A number of changes have been implemented (Cms.gov, 2014) to Center for Medical services programs since 1965 (Cm s.gov, 2014). In addition, the agencies that are concerned with the implementation of these programs have also changed (Cms.gov, 2014).The head of the Center for Medical services programs is as well the Administrator of the Center for both the Medicaid and Medicare Services (Cms.gov, 2014). This position of leadership is appointed by the president and the Senate confirms it. The Center for Medicare Services hires a total of approximately 4,100 employees 2,700 (Cms.gov, 2014) of the

Schindler's List Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Schindler's List - Movie Review Example Schindler, a business man in the film, becomes depicted as a person who is profit oriented and self-centered in character (Thomas 3). The film majorly centers on the life of this character as he does around with his life. Apart from Schindler, the film also had Itzhak Stern, an accountant for Schindler. Itzhak in the story becomes depicted as a worker and a lover of his own people. The essay therefore, will analyze the relationship between the two characters in detail and assess some of the way the film managed to use communication concepts (Thomas 4). At the start of the film, Schindler manages to meet and talk with his accountant, Stern concerning his motif to buy the Jewish enamelware factory. Schindler in the film becomes depicted as self-centered and had profit making character. Since Stern had the brains and the zeal to run some of the businesses Schindler had, Schindler trusted Stern. The factory had earlier on been closed by the Nazi’s, but Schindler saw a way of makin g money through it (Zaillian & Keneally 33). Without thinking about the repercussions of buying the company, Schindler insisted he wanted to buy it. Stern did not approve of Schindler’s intentions as he acted as if he did not respect the Jewish community. Schindler in the early scenes could be viewed as a traitor of his own people. ... In terms of non-verbal communication, in the film, Stern shows some gestures of not approving and disliking Schindler’s opinion of wanting to buy the factory, simply by not accepting to have a drink with him. In addition, Stern got some facial expressions suggestive of disliking the idea (Loshitzky 23). Stern in the film becomes depicted as a clever person that does most of the brain thinking for Schindler. Stern ensures that the enamel factory which Schindler wanted become bought, though used bribery. Deeper in the film, Stern saves the lives of his fellow Jews through coming up with ideas that helped in closure of the Plaszow labor camp (Loshitzky 76). In addition, it is Stern that runs the factory that ended up helping thousands of Jews by employing them and not making them ‘non-essential.’ Stern cared a lot for his people right from the very start of the film and did whatsoever possible to ensure they were safe. Stern becomes depicted as the total opposite of Schindler, though the two remain related. In the beginning of the film, the relationship between Stern and Schindler was more of the business type. Schindler in the film depicts characteristics opposite from Stern. As Stern cared for his Jew people from the very first, Schindler had been insensitive to the problems the Jewish people underwent. The film hence brings Stern to represent the elements Schindler lacked (Loshitzky 26). As the film progresses, Schindler starts experiencing a gradual change in character and heart concerning his Jewish people. In one of the scenes, Schindler witnesses the evacuation of the Krakow ghetto by the Nazi people (Keneally 65). He majorly got touched after seeing the girl with the red coat tortured by the Nazi’s.

WorldCom Assignment to be Reviewd Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

WorldCom to be Reviewd - Assignment Example The causes and results of the fines that were imposed by the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), a staggering $750,000,000. In addition to that, understand how could the company announce accounting irregularities amounting to $11,000,000,000 and also their relevant financial reporting that caused such irregularities. To completely paint the picture of the bankruptcy, there is a need to cover practical and academic aspects of organizational structure, the staff (individuals, teams and groups), and the culture that predominated WorldCom and made it possible for the business entity to commit such fraud and deceit. In addition to that above, I want to share some light into the leadership of WorldCom and its role in the eventual demise of it. Was it all a matter of leadership, good or bad, or perhaps that are some underlying reasons that caused the bankruptcy. There are a number of factors that need to be studied in relation to WorldCom. For instance, what is the role of the external auditors of WorldCom in the bankruptcy and fraud. Were they a part of it or they simply ignored wrongdoings and kept things running as they were without intervention. The above discussion has been done based on the secondary data available. However, effort has been put to discuss the same in light of the related theories in academia. Adding to the above discussion, a detailed analysis would be carried out to show the effect of the crisis on its various stakeholders. In Human Resource Management, human beings are assumed as the most significant asset within an organization. The discussion has been provided to provide an insight as how this crisis affected its most significant assets. At the end a conclusion has been inferred from the entire analysis and discussion. The object of this research paper is to come to understand how this business and accounting fraud took place and how the government and other concerned parties missed on this for

Would increasing U.S. economic aid in the [Middle East] region Research Paper

Would increasing U.S. economic aid in the [Middle East] region diminish support for terrorism and anti-American sentiment - Research Paper Example This is where a country that has received foreign aid or is anticipating having their regular installments is bound to be receptive to new ideas. In most cases, this foreign aid functions as a legal bribe. Therefore, if, it is increased it means that people will be more accepting of these new ideas of getting rid of terrorism. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union the US placed itself strategically to implement its views to other countries as a measure, to stop the spread of communism. A telling case is when US sacrificed to give Aid to Russia so that it could not pull out of Chenyanya because  of its significance  in battle against terrorism. This saw the US give eight hundred million dollars to Russia in 1997 and the former nations that were for communism. This is a superb example of how foreign aid can be beneficial in trying to have certain nations sing to the dance of America. The increases of aid will not only help Middle East region accept the new ideas; it will also develop and equip them economicallyii. This will most likely function in diverting their efforts to positive activities that increase their living standards. This is because these terrorist activities come because of boredom due to no employment that can generate money. It is through such circumstances that people from the Middle Eastern seek a leeway out of this by in involving themselves in any activity. This also increases the risk of these people to fall victim of drugs that they believe to reduce their burden. Therefore, the existence of this foreign aid by Americans is sure to help them and minimize on numbers that are being recruited into terrorist groups. Another point is that American is a developed nation with one of the biggest economies and one of the largest populations. iiiThis means that it has many industries to run, people to provide for their needs, and care of its security. More economic aid means that it will function to cater for all these three at the same

A Real Global Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Real Global Company - Assignment Example Walmart Company Introduction Walmart Company was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton. It officially entered the New York stock exchange in 1972. Walmart has its headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas state. It is an international company specializing in grocery business. The company also owns Sam’s club retail warehouses which are widespread in most parts of North America. Currently, Walmart is located in more than 8000 locations worldwide. It is the largest private employer company in the world with more than 2 million employers. Walmart is headed by a president who is also the CEO. The company generates more than 400 hundred billions of revenue every year (Doole & Lowe, 2005). 1. Describe the main line of business of the company. Walmart is an international company mainly specializing in grocery business in several countries of the world. At initial stages, Doole and Lowe report that Walmart specialized mainly in clothes and a few food items (Doole & Lowe, 2005). However, some year s later, Taylor observes that the company added electronics and few grocery items (Taylor, 2009). Nowadays, Walmart is a versatile company specializing in food supplies, iPods game stations, children toys, computer parts, school supplies, kitchen supplies, jewelry, shampoo, hygiene products, beddings, vitamins supplements, family apparel, healthy and beauty aids, lawn and garden items, automotive products, home furnishings, hardware, sporting goods, pet supplies and house wares among other products (Evans & Wurster, 1997). 2. Names four of the countries in which the company operates. Walmart has more than 8000 stores in more than 10 countries in the world. Apart from in the United States, Walmart operates in other countries like the United Kingdom, Japan and India among others (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius 2011). It is only in the United States where Walmart operates under its own name. In other countries, it operates under different names. For instance, it is referred to as â€Å"Asd a† in the United Kingdom, â€Å"Seiyu† in Japan and as â€Å"Best Price† in India (Doole & Lowe, 2005). Walmart was introduced in the United Kingdom and other European countries in 1999. It entered India in the same year (Taylor, 2009). By the year 2000, Walmart had been introduced in Japan and it spread to other Asian countries during the same period (Evans & Wurster, 1997). 3. Explains, in detail, the implementation of the 4P's marketing mix concept by the company. There are four main marketing considerations, referred to as 4Ps that can be embraced by any business company. These are product, price, promotion and distribution. Walmart has adopted all these considerations in ensuring that it operates effectively. To begin with, Walmart has ensured that it sells products of high quality-well designed, packaged, branded and labeled. This has helped in building brand loyalty (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius 2011). Secondly, Walmart has adopted various pricing strategies for its product. Pricing is based on demand, value of goods and cost of production among other considerations (Taylor, 2009). Thirdly, Walmart ensures that its goods are distributed both directly (without using intermediaries) and indirectly (using intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers) from the point of manufacture to that of consumption (Doole & Lowe, 2005). Lastly, Walmart uses effective promotion strategies in popularizing itself and

Would increasing U.S. economic aid in the [Middle East] region Research Paper

Would increasing U.S. economic aid in the [Middle East] region diminish support for terrorism and anti-American sentiment - Research Paper Example This is where a country that has received foreign aid or is anticipating having their regular installments is bound to be receptive to new ideas. In most cases, this foreign aid functions as a legal bribe. Therefore, if, it is increased it means that people will be more accepting of these new ideas of getting rid of terrorism. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union the US placed itself strategically to implement its views to other countries as a measure, to stop the spread of communism. A telling case is when US sacrificed to give Aid to Russia so that it could not pull out of Chenyanya because  of its significance  in battle against terrorism. This saw the US give eight hundred million dollars to Russia in 1997 and the former nations that were for communism. This is a superb example of how foreign aid can be beneficial in trying to have certain nations sing to the dance of America. The increases of aid will not only help Middle East region accept the new ideas; it will also develop and equip them economicallyii. This will most likely function in diverting their efforts to positive activities that increase their living standards. This is because these terrorist activities come because of boredom due to no employment that can generate money. It is through such circumstances that people from the Middle Eastern seek a leeway out of this by in involving themselves in any activity. This also increases the risk of these people to fall victim of drugs that they believe to reduce their burden. Therefore, the existence of this foreign aid by Americans is sure to help them and minimize on numbers that are being recruited into terrorist groups. Another point is that American is a developed nation with one of the biggest economies and one of the largest populations. iiiThis means that it has many industries to run, people to provide for their needs, and care of its security. More economic aid means that it will function to cater for all these three at the same

Website for a Specified Organisation Essay Example for Free

Website for a Specified Organisation Essay Business Objectives Websites are used in many different businesses nowadays, yet they aren’t exactly needed in some. They will benefit a business if they are put in place in order to achieve their aims, which generally is to make a profit. The ways in which they can achieve their aims is done by ensuring that the business analyse how exactly they will achieve their aims on a whole and identify the certain objectives that they have in order to be a successful business. The business that I am going to study is Kells Lane Fish Bar, which is located on Low Fell in Gateshead. The business has been up and running for 21 years now and was put there in order to offer a traditional fish shop menu to anyone who entered the shop. The business offers to sell products to many customers, in which this means they will respond to the demand of the customers and therefore are part of a business to consumer relationship. At this current time the fish shop doesn’t actually have a website for their business however there are plenty of ways on the internet to which you can find the number for the shop. I feel that it would be very beneficial to the business if they were to open up a website as it allows for a lot more customers to see the existence of the business and as well as this I feel that if they were able to put on an ordering service for example then the shop would be flowing a lot easier and would perhaps again lead to more customer attention. -Explain business objectives -Describe smart objectives (GET THEM LATER ON, OFF OTHER DOCUMENT) There are a few key objectives for the fish shop, the first being survival, since the business has been running for 21 years it has seen many different economic reactions by the UK, for example being in a recession and a boom. The business will have been through bad and good times over the years but as more and more fish shops begin to run it means that Kells Lane fish bar will have to then offer a few more products or do something different to other fish shops in order to attract the customers. I Feel by having a website it would help assist the business in order for it to survive and keep running, the reason I believe this is because if the business had a website then it would mean that more people would know about the business, therefore attracting a lot more customers. In addition to this I feel that with an online service in which the customer could place their order it would then make the process of collecting the food a lot quicker, the reason for this being that instead of having to wait in a queue for your food you could order online and then be ready to go and pick up your food whenever its ready. Profit maximisation is yet another objective that I feel is used efficiently at the business, I feel that the fish shop needs to sacrifice some of their short term profits in order to gain a long term profit. Therefore when the business buys batches of stock to sell to the customers, they should do this all at once so that they don’t need to keep getting stock delivered to them which will save the many delivery charges they would get. I feel that this is a perfect reason to open up a website as although it may be expensive to set up in the short term, the impact it will have when people place orders etc. on the site will give the business a massive long term profit, which is a great way to show profit maximisation.

Design of Phenomenological Research

Design of Phenomenological Research This is a philosophical movement concerned with the study of conscious experience, from the point of view of the first person (Moran, 2000). There is emphasis on the intentionality of experience – that is, the idea that conscious experience is directed towards some phenomena, rather than being merely aimless. Such purposefulness is usually contained in the meaning that the first person ascribes to his or her experience. Human experience is said to be conscious, meaning that we are somehow usually aware of an experience as it is happening, as opposed to for example Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic view in which experience isn’t always conscious. Conscious experience is defined in broad terms, incorporating a wide range of factors including sensation, perception, objects, events, time, self, others, space, sequence, emotion, logic, and so on, with particular emphasis on the meanings of these experiences (two individuals may have exactly the same experience, yet attac h completely different meanings). Historically, phenomenology has been a fragmented philosophy, with numerous variations emerging and becoming established especially since the early part of the 20th century, deriving from works of philosophers like Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Satre, Edmund Husserl, G.W.F Hegel, Max Scheler, and others. The basic tradition of Anglo-Saxon European philosophy as we know it has been dominated by phenomenology throughout the last century, and currently provides the philosophical basis for a major part of clinical studies, usually subsumed under the heading of qualitative research. EXPERIMENTAL (SCIENTIFIC) APPROACH Scientific experimentation forms part of the wider traditional positivist doctrine, developed by Auguste Comte during the early part of the nineteenth century (Coolican, 1994). Positivism dictates that only phenomena that can be quantified and measured, are worthy of scientific experimentation. Emerging from this philosophy is the hypothetico-deductive doctrine, which entails making observations, developing theories, formulating and testing predictions from those theories, and modifying or supporting the theory accordingly. This procedure is what many researchers refer to as the ‘scientific method’. Experimentation is often regarded as the ‘gold standard’ in scientific (clinical) research. It entails the deliberate manipulation of variables under controlled conditions, in order to establish causality, and important factor in clinical settings. Control is achieved primarily by random allocation of participants to conditions, effectively distributing any diffe rences between people evenly across the conditions, and hence ‘balancing things out’. Many experiments are also conducted in a controlled environment, such as laboratory. Experimentation is underpinned by a number of assumptions, including the idea that people can be isolated from their social environment and treated as a group rather than as individuals. Furthermore, it is possible for the researcher to remain objective, remaining distant from the subject and hence having no influence on their behaviour. RESEARCH METHODS Aims and Objectives Phenomenological research is exploratory, seeking to understand people’s conscious experiences through that persons’ own viewpoint, what ever it may be. By contrast experimentation focuses on testing specific hypotheses, which have usually been selected by the researcher, hence reflecting the researchers own perspectives, rather than those of the participant. For example, take the case of a patient who has recently being diagnosed as anorexic. She is receiving treatment but there is a need for research to establish whether the treatment is having the desired effect. Phenomenology will focus on the patient’s own conscious experience of anorexia and recovery, and the meaning she attaches to these experiences. For example, the individual may view anorexia as a devastating experience with feel that she is not recovering despite her treatment. The whole experience may have created a sense of revulsion about her condition and pessimism about the recovery. The phenomenologist will try to explore – to use Husserls Greek terms her â€Å"noesis† or intentional act of consciousness (e.g. her beliefs and feelings) and †Å"noematic†, meaning the object or phenomena (anorexia, recovery). By contrast, the experimenter will aim to test hypotheses that the treatment is or isn’t effective in eliciting recovery, which will be appraised in quantifiable terms, such as changes in body-mass index, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. Given the different aims/objectives (i.e. exploration, hypothesis testing), the experimenter and phenomenologist could arrive at completely different conclusions. For example, the patient may feel and believe they are not getting better albeit experimental (medical) parameters suggest otherwise. Research Questions Hypotheses Phenomenological questions typically exploratory, asking how an individual has consciously experienced a phenomenon, such as illness or disease. There are no hypotheses. The question can take any one of several forms, depending on the area of phenomenology. For example, existential phenomenology will inquire about the persons’ experience of free choice (e.g. in selecting their treatment), generative phenomenology will explore the meaning of the phenomena to the individual with reference to historical factors (e.g. the way a disease has historically been interpreted in their society), while a transcendental phenomenology will ask about the person’s conscious experiences completely excluding questions about the external environment (e.g. how the disease is experienced, regardless the hospital environment, treatments, and other external factors). Experimental questions are often more precise, asking whether there is a relationship between two or more variables. The questio n is usually accompanied by testable hypotheses, which specify whether or not a relationship exists and the direction (i.e. positive or negative) of the relationship. So, for example the experimenter will ask whether a particular intervention will cure the illness, accompanied by a hypothesis (e.g. the intervention significantly improves health outcomes). Unlikely phenomenology, the experimental approach rarely involves exploratory or open-ended questions as it is a requirement that all variables (independent and dependent) are specified a priori. However, statements of hypotheses can be â€Å"two-tailed† whereby the precise relationship expected between two variables is left â€Å"open† (i.e. not specified). Design Phenomenological research is typically unstructured, with no specific ‘design’ or ‘format’. The researcher is at liberty to proceed as they see fit, merely ensuring that they conform to the basic tenets of philosophy, notably emphasising the first-person and targeting their conscious experience. The setting is usually realistic or naturalistic, so for example, no attempt is made to ‘remove’ the patient from their natural environment[1]. Experimental research is traditionally highly structured. There are specific designs available to the researcher, each with set parameters or protocols. Randomisation of subjects to conditions is critical, to minimise the counfounding effects of nuisance variables. Therefore it is essential to recruit a sample of individuals who serve as participants. They can either be exposed to all conditions of the experiment, leading to a within-groups design, or assigned to just one of the conditions, creating a between-gro ups design. Independent and dependent variables must be specified clearly, so that there is no uncertainty about the conditions being manipulated, the direction of causality, and outcome measures. The setting is typically artificial – for example a laboratory – with a low degree of realism. It is important to point out that some phenonemonological research assumes that conscious experience is a function of neurological activity in the brain, known as neurophenomenology. This overlap with physiological sciences means that an experimental design may be used to establish the authenticity of certain aspects of conscious experience (e.g. determining whether an experience of motor activity is accompanied by electrical activity in the appropriate regions of the brain). Data Collection Data is typically collected using one-to-one interviews between the researcher and the participant, rather similar to private sessions between a patient and their psychiatrist or psychotherapist. The interviews are typically open-ended, thereby letting things show themselves, to use Heidegger’s terms. Data collection in experimentation may involve one or more techniques including observational methods (participant and non-participant observation, role playing and simulation, the diary method, and naturalistic observation), interviews and surveys (psychometric tests, structured/semi-structured interviews, clinical method). Whatever technique is used, the goal is to generate quantitative data which would allow mathematical assessments of reliability and validity, and also statistical analysis. Reliability relates to the consistency of a participants responses, while validity indicates whether the appropriate phenomenon of interest is being measured in the first place. Questions in interviews and surveys are typically close-ended, so that the participant can only respond using a pre-determined range of options provided by the experimenter. Data Analysis The phenomenological method assumes first-person familiarity with the particular experience of interest to the researcher. Data analysis essentially entails description of a conscious experience exactly as it is lived by the participant and presented to the researcher, who does not interfere. The researcher may then attempt to interpret the experience from their particular phenomenological perspective. For example, hermeneutical phenomenologists, such as Heidegger, will try to make sense of the experience by placing it in a social and linguistic context (e.g. who else is involved, and how do the parties communicate). By contrast a naturalistic constitutive phenomenologist will relate the experience to nature, seeking out links with natural environment (e.g. climate, culture, ecology). Regardless of their area of phenomenology, it is essential for the researcher to analyse the type of experience presented, identifying any unique features for further investigation. More recently, data analysis may entail a logico-semantic approach that aims to identify the truth of an experience (e.g. â€Å"this disease can be cured†) and the conditions necessary to satisfy an intention (e.g. â€Å"I will feel better if I take my medicine†). Phenomenologists also use modern techniques for analysing qualitative data, such as thematic analysis, typologies, quotations, and so on. Data analysis in experimentation requires the use of statistical tests in order to establish the â€Å"significance† of any observed changes in the dependent variable, following manipulation of the independent variable. Usually, a ‘level of significance’ is set, depicting a specific probability (e.g. .05) that observed differences between groups or conditions occurred by chance. Typically, the probability of chance must be equal to or less than the chosen significance level in order for the test results to be regarded as significant. There is no attempt by the experimenter to â€Å"impose† any interpretation or subjective analysis on the data without the use of statistical tools, which introduce some mathematical objectivity. However, the likelihood of obtaining significant results is often affected by analytic and methodological considerations, such as the sample size and the sensitivity of the chosen statistical test. Furthermore, results that are statistically significant may nevertheless have little or no clinical significance, for example in terms of Quality Life Years, and morbidity and mortality rates. Table 1 Differences between phenomenological and experimental approaches (selected issues) Phenomenological Experimental Method Unstructured Structured Research Question Exploratory Hypothesis testing Perspective First-person Third-person Subject Matter Conscious experience Quantifiable phenomena Data Analysis Intuitive Statistical Setting Naturalistic Artificial Clinical Application Detailed insight Efficacy CLINICAL PRACTICE Phenomenological and experimental approaches both have an important role to play in clinical practice. Nevertheless, each method may offer very different perspectives on the same medical quandary, or may be more suited to certain problems rather than others. Consider the effectiveness of nurse-led thrombolysis on patients present at an Accidence Emergency unit with cardiac symptoms. A phenomenological approach would be suitable for obtaining detailed insights into nurses feelings about their effectiveness in administering the procedure, their confidence, doubts, anxieties, suspicions, resentments, and other feelings and beliefs that may explain their clinical competence or otherwise. This may provide managers and consultants with valued ideas about how to support nurses, hence improving service delivery. By contrast the experimental approach will be more amenable to establishing the clinical effectiveness of nurse-initiated thrombolysis, for example in terms of the percentage of fatalities and door-to-needle times. A E units could be randomly assigned to a condition in which nurses implement thrombolytic procedures, or a control condition in which the intervention is performed by busy consultants. Patient satisfaction rates and hospital delays could then be compared across both conditions using statistical procedures. Although phenomenology and experimentation approach the problem differently, findings from both paradigms will have some clinical benefit if service delivery is ultimately improved. BIBLIOGRAPHY Coolican, H. (1994) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. London: Hodder Stoughton. Moran, D. (2000) Introduction to Phenomenology. London and New York: Routledge. Smith, B. Smith, D.W. (eds.) (1995) The Cambridge Companion to Husserl Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Wikipedia (2006) Phenomenology [online]. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology/ [Accessed 22 July 2006]. Footnotes [1] Although in the interest of privacy researcher and patient may seek a quiet location that may be somewhat atypical of the subjects’ usual setting.

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls - Eva Smiths Diary Essay

I've just got back from my summer vacation. It was lovely. I'm really looking forward to going again next year. Life's looking up at the moment. It's great! Just one problem though, the money I'm receiving at the factory. I've spoken to quite a few other girls on vacation and they earn much more than twenty-two and six. I'll speak to Mr. Birling tomorrow to ask him about raising it to 25 shillings a week. I don't see why not myself. I'm a good worker and have been in the factory over a year. We'll just have to see what he says. 12th September 1910 That's it! I'm not taking any more. A few other girls and me, who are sick of the terrible money, are going on strike. He'll have to raise our weekly wage then won't he; well if he doesn't I'm not carrying on working for him. He's a mean man, and only cares for himself, wants all the money. It's not very often I get annoyed I don't like to call people and say nasty things about them, but I really have had enough today. This man has really angered me. I'm an excellent, hard, pleasant worker. How dare he have the cheek to say no! I told his this afternoon for the 6th time in the past 2 days, that because I was being promoted to leading operator I would at least expect a pay rise. His reply was the same, that it was his duty to keep labour costs down. His exact answer if I remember was; "I've told you again and again Eva, every time you've asked me. It's my duty to keep labour costs down. I don't know why the hell you waste your time bothering me when you could be working - earning good money for my factor. The answers a straight no, so get out of my office girl. Get back to your bleeding work." What a lovely charming man Mr. Birling is, oh great is he. ... ...ll because of no food, no roof above their head. I don't want that. I don't want my child not having the advantages that other children have; that other children take advantage of. Waking up everyday with a roof above their head, breakfast on the table for them, loving parents that are there for them when they need help or are feeling down. Everyone takes advantage of everything they own, even their lives. They don't realize it until they've lost those things they love and care about though. Then it will suddenly hit them like a ton of bricks. People should learn to love what they have, but me, I can't go on any longer trying to be happy for what I have. I don't have anything, so I can't try to be happy. I've tried too many times, and now - I'm giving up trying. I'm weak and so far I've lost everything apart from my life. Which soon I will also be loosing.

Reflective Practice in Nursing :: Reflection Upon An Incident

Reflective processes help us to see the world in alternative ways by enabling us to focus on different aspects of our experiences. Reflective processes are the stages of thoughtful activity that we need to go through when we consciously decide to explore an experience or to reflect upon it. There are many ways in which we can reflect upon something, but before we look at one or two formal structures, we need to look at the basic ideas behind using a structure for reflection. There are basically six fundamental stages of reflective processes and these are: Stage 1: selecting a critical incident to reflect upon. Stage 2: observing and describing that experience. Stage 3: analysing that experience. Stage 4: interpreting that experience. Stage 5: exploring alternatives. Stage 6: framing action. Now any experience that we have had can be used as the focus of reflection, but what we choose to reflect upon needs to have some significance for us. That is significance in terms of what we are trying to achieve or the purpose that it is going to serve. These significant experiences or events are often known as critical incidents. Flanagan (1954:327) defined what he meant by critical incidents: 'By an incident is meant any observable human activity that is sufficiently complete in itself to permit inferences and predictions to be made about the person performing the act. To be critical, an incident must occur in a situation where the purpose or intent of the act seems fairly clear to the observer and when its consequences are sufficiently definite to leave little doubt concerning its effects'. So we can see that critical incidents are episodes of experience that have particular meaning to the observer, the practitioner, or any other person taking part in them. They may be positive or negative experiences and must be suitable for being described in a concise way (Jasper 2003). When focusing on events involving other people, you will need to think about: the effect that this might have on the other people involved; gaining consent from the others involved; the status of any written records are you might make; confidentiality and protecting others. When considering reflecting with others in a professional context, you need to think about: the contextual indications of discussing things that have happened; choosing what to tell and considering the implications of this; working within professional codes of conduct and their implications; the consequences of disclosure; misconduct/malpractice/negligence;

Does ‘Better’ corporate governance cause better firm performance? Essay

A study had been generated and said that performance are affected either the implemented governance is good or bad: †¦ In summary, our results are as follows. First, we do not find significantly different firm performance between firms with â€Å"good† changes in governance and firms with â€Å"bad† changes in governance, except for isolated instances. This result holds for all the three samples (i. e. the Moderate Performance sample, the Abnormally Bad Performance sample and the Abnormally Good Performance sample). Second, both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† changes in governance are followed by positive as well as negative changes in industry-adjusted performance. Indeed, more than 50% of the firms with â€Å"good† governance changes exhibit negative industry-adjusted performance. Third, we find that both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† changes in governance lead to significant changes in performance. Therefore, if one restricts the analysis to only â€Å"good† changes in governance or only â€Å"bad† changes in governance, one would incorrectly conclude that changes in governance lead to changes in performance. Fourth, we observe that different firms vary in directions of governance changes when they experience the same direction in performance changes. A same firm also often simultaneously changes its different governance characteristics in conflicting directions (i. e. both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† governance changes). Last, our measure for Aggregate Governance Change confirms the first result for individual governance measure that the firms with â€Å"good† changes in governance do not have better performance than the firms with â€Å"bad† changes in governance. Our results present strong evidence against the null hypothesis that â€Å"better† governance causes better firm performance. Note that our results do not imply that governance is irrelevant. Instead, it implies that firms are endogenously optimizing their governance structure in response to observable and unobservable firm characteristics. These results are consistent with the strand of the literature that has shown each governance mechanism to be related to observable and unobservable firm characteristics. The statement proves that all decisions and change causes an effect to a business. This however means that every day, new challenge may face the company. It is normal for demands, and conflicts to happen. The thing that is important is the management and the organization as a whole would stand as one and face all the challenges with a positive outlook to solve it. From the study that we’ve conducted, the writer concluded that the main cause of business failure are the management’s negligence, improper planning. Conducting good and bad governance both causes changes in an organization so it’s better to be alert in all times. Decision making should be done carefully and the organization should choose the people who they will trust. Recommendations Having all the different factors of company failures and the experiences of the UK Industry Company and MISnet Inc. , the writer recommend that the top management should not take the needs of the company for granted but they should also be careful in giving. Decisions should be done care. The financial capacity must always be monitored and all departments must always be alert in all times. The management should encourage the workers to work with passion, be loyal to the company and work hand and hand to achieve all the goals that the company has. It is also important that the people working in the company are capable of doing their assigned job description. Workers are the company’s working hand. It is a must that the workers are at their best to bring the best product that the company wants to have. Investment has been always a part of life in a company. When it comes to people investment, the company must be sure that spending money for a person must be worth paying for. Hence, the company must be very careful of choosing the right people to trust and the right people for a certain job. Documentation is always a must. Never let any situation happen without any documentation. All reports and transactions must be done with papers and with the PIC’s (Person in Charge) signature to make it even more valid and powerful in meetings and agreements. Even important conversations must be recorded and documented to ensure understanding between parties. Meetings are also important and dissemination of information is a must. Memoranda should always be disseminated to all employees. Discipline has been an issue in all companies. The company must enforce a strict and fair rule and policies that the employees must do in order to organize a company. Make them come in the company on time and finish their work fast. Over time on work is not a measurement of quality service, it only show two things: its either the worker can’t handle too many work because of pressure or multi tasking or the worker can’t finish the work on time because he/she wasted it. The company should always have a room for improvement. Benchmarking or company observation is a big help to improve the company’s usual workflow and environment. People used to compare one thing to another. Make it a positive way of upgrading the company. Have a group of trusted people to assist the company to make improvements. Lastly, a company must have a goal or mission. No company must have an inspiration to look forward to. Set a series of mission, vision, the company’s commitment, core values and principles so that the workers will live by the company’s principles and for the company’s goal. There are series of ways and measurements that can be done through quality audits, and meetings. Implement good data management and all department management. Some analyst says that most business fails after its 8 years of operation it still depends on the teamwork of the people in an organization and its willingness to survive. Reference Websites N. K. Chidambaran, Darius Palia , Yudan Zheng , Does ‘Better ‘Corporate Governance Cause Better Firm Performance? , [2006], viewed on 28 January 2008. Greg Bustin, ‘Why Companies Fail? Take Charge! How Leaders Profit From Change’ [2005], viewed on 28 January 2008. Susan M. Heathfield, ‘Performance Management Process Checklist’ < http://humanresources. about. com/od/performancemanagement/a/perfmgmt. htm > viewed on 27 January 2008 ‘Management’, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia viewed on 28 January 2008. NEERAJ BHARGAVA, ‘Good Governance is Good Business’, The Wall Street Journal, [2006] < http://online. wsj. com/article/SB115671755403846763-search. html? KEYWORDS=Good+Governance&COLLECTION=wsjie/6month > viewed on 29 January 2008 ‘Good Governance’ Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia viewed on 28 January 2008 Herb Greenberg â€Å"Corporate Governance as a ‘Risk Factor’. Finding Relationship between Performance and a company’s board of directors† [2007] < http://www. marketwatch. com/news/story/weighing-risk-factors-bad-corporate/story.aspx? guid=%7B55BF9816-8CC4-4570-8D6D-13EBD531F5CE%7D > viewed on 28 January 2008 ‘Process Audit’ viewed on 27 January 2008 Customer Audit < http://www. understanding. co. uk/customeraudit. htm > viewed on 27 January 2008 ‘Final Assembly Supplier Audit Report’ < http://images. apple. com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Final_Assembly_Audit. pdf > (2007) viewed on 28 January 2008 West Cumbria Council for Voluntary Service, ‘Effective Meetings’ (2005) < http://www. westcumbriacvs. org. uk/docs/FactSheet4. pdf> viewed on 28 January 2008. Books Terry Collison â€Å"How to Write an Effective Business Plan in Just Three Hours†, 1993 Paul Todd, ‘Swot Equity and Trust (Swot)’(Gaunt; 5Rev Ed edition (October 1996)) Jeffrey Abrahams, ‘The Mission Statement Book: 301 Corporate Mission Statements from America’s Top Companies’ (TEN SPEED PRESS; Rev Sub edition (1999)) ARTICLES Evangeline Santos ‘How Failures Happen’ IT Tribune (Philippines December 2007) Bruce G. Posner ‘Why Companies Fail’ Inc. com Magazine (June 1993) Manuel Toledo ‘Coping With Business Failure: A Kaizen Approach’ Ginto (Philippines 2004) Term Papers. Hubert Ooghe, Sofie De Prijcker ‘Failure process and causes of company bankruptcy’ (Universiteit Gent) Wayne L. Welsh CPA, ‘Best Practices For Good Management’ Office of the Legislative Author General (2001) R Massey, J Widdows, K Bhattacharya, R Shaw, D Hart, D Law, W Hawes, ‘Insurance Company Failure’ < http://www. actuaries. org. uk/files/pdf/giro2002/Massey. pdf > viewed on 28 January 2008 Conference John Hunter, Natalia Isachenkova ‘Aggregate Economy Risk and Company Failure: An Examination of the UK Quoted Firms in the Early 1990s’ Department of Economics and Finance’ (Brunel University).

Transformational Learning

Transformational learning is the type of experience that its outcome can bring forth a level of new meaning in your life. This learning cycle of intricate tasks is broken down into four stages, recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely, finding a solution, and integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into your life pattern. These four phases create the transformational process and requires extreme mental concentration and careful consideration. The intensity of this procedure is often painful and stressful, hence forth the old saying â€Å"no pain, no gain†.First, you must know what the problem is that you are facing and acknowledge it. Then, you must face the problem with an extreme effort. Once these steps are completed and only then, can you start finding a solution. The solution you find will give you a new view. Based upon this outcome, your newly acquired view must be integrated into your life pattern. Transformation on this level is o ften wanted but it does not come easy. These â€Å"before† and â€Å"after† states are the points that show us our personal growth. The most transformational learning experience in my life has been the discussion to go back to school.The fear of working, having a family, and making time to study and being successful in my studies presented a great problem to me. How to balance these three demanding dimensions of my life and still be the same person was puzzling. Through a trial and error process, I redefined my life pattern, taking bits of personal and casual time to maximize my effort of pursuing my goal. By putting all my focus through my spare time in my work week, it opened up extra time on my weekend to spend with my family. This new pattern I developed has brought harmony and balance to my life.

Two Kinds

Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, 5th Edition Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell Table of Contents Preface 1. Understanding Literature Imaginative Literature Conventional Themes The Literary Canon Luisa Valenzuela, â€Å"All about Suicide† Wole Soyinka, â€Å"Telephone Conversation† Thinking Critically Interpreting Literature Evaluating Literature The Function of Literary Criticism Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism 2. Reading and Writing About Literature Reading Literature Previewing Highlighting Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols Maya Angelou, â€Å"My Arkansas† Annotating Writing About LiteraturePlanning an Essay Considering your Audience Understanding Your Purpose Writing To Respond Writing To Interpret Writing To Evaluate Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Keeping a Journal Seeing Connections: Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Revising and Editing an Essay Strategies for Revision The Revi sion Process Thesis Statement Support Topic Sentences Introductions and Conclusions Sentences and Words Using and Documenting Sources Checklist: Using Sources Checklist: Conventions for Writing About Literature Exercise: Two Student PapersStudent Paper: â€Å"Initiation into Adulthood† Student Paper: â€Å"Hard Choices† FICTION 3. Understanding Fiction Defining Fiction The Short Story Gary Gildner, â€Å"Sleepytime Gal† Margaret Atwood, â€Å"Happy Endings† *Jonathan Safran Foer, â€Å"A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease â€Å" A Final Note 4. Reading and Writing About Fiction Reading Fiction Active Reading Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Writing About Fiction Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Read Essay In Westminster Abbey AnalysisStudent Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† First Draft First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Second Draft Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Final Draft Final Draft Commentary 5. Plot Conflict Stages of Plot Order and Sequence A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Plot Kate Chopin, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Nadine Gordimer, â€Å"Once upon a Time† *Stephen Dobyns, â€Å"Kansas† William Faulkner, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Lorrie Moore, â€Å"How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes)† Writing Suggestions: Plot 6. Character Round and Flat CharactersDynamic and Static Characters Motivation Checklist: Writing About Character John Updike, â€Å"A & P† Katherine Mansfield, â€Å"Miss Brill† Charles Baxter, â€Å"Gryphon† *Jhumpa Lahiri, â€Å"The Third and Final Continentâ₠¬  *Mary Ladd Gavell, â€Å"The Swing† Writing Suggestions: Character 7. Setting Historical Setting Geographical Setting Physical Setting Checklist: Writing About Setting Kate Chopin, The Storm Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona *Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing *Pam Houston, Cowboys Are My Weakness Writing Suggestions: Setting 8. Point of View First Person NarratorUnreliable Narrators Third Person Narrator Omniscient Limited Omniscient Objective Selecting an Appropriate Point of View Limited Omniscient Point of View First-Person Point of View (Child) First-Person Point of View (Adult) Omniscient Point of View Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review Checklist: Writing about Point of View *Bessie Head, Looking for a Rain God Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man *Gish Jen, Chin William Faulkner, Barn Burning Writing Suggestions: Point of View 9. Style, Tone, and Language Styl e and Tone The Uses of Language Formal and Informal DictionImagery Figures of Speech A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language James Joyce, Araby *Andrea Barrett, The Littoral Zone Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language 10. Symbol and Allegory Literary Symbols Recognizing Symbols The Purpose of Symbols Allegory Checklist: Writing About Symbol and Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Alice Walker, Everyday Use *Raymond Carver, Cathedral *Richard Russo, DogWriting Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory 11. Theme Interpreting Themes (Understanding Theme in Portable) Identifying Themes Checklist: Writing About Theme David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables Eudora Welty, A Worn Path *Rick Bass, The Fireman Writing Suggestions: Theme 12. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†? Elaine R. Hedges, Scudder’s Comment on â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar, From The Madwoman in the Attic Ann J. Lane, From To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Denise D. Knight, ed. , Charlotte Perkins Gilman, From The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Petition to the New Jersey Legislature Judiciary Committee of the New Jersey Assembly, Response to the Petition by Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell Lise Stevens, Postpartum Depression Patricia J. Williams, Beyond the Village Pale Topics for Further Research 13. Joyce Carol Oates’ Where are You Going, Where have You Been? A Casebook for Reading Research, and Writing Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, From In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie’s Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Mike Tierce and John Michael Grafton, From Connie’s Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend† Bob Dylan, It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue Joyce M. Wegs, â€Å"Don’t You Know Who I Am? † The Grotesque in Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? †Laura Kalpakian, Where Are you Going, Where Have You Been (book review) Stephen Slimp, Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Don Moser, The Pied Piper of Tuscon The Pied Piper of Hamelin Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood Topics for Further Research Student Paper 14. Fiction for Further Reading *Chinua Ac hebe, Dead Man’s Path Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson *Donald Barthelme, City of Churches *Amy Bloom, Hold Tight T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake *Ethan Canin, The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds *Stephen Crane, The Open Boat *Junot Diaz, Aguantado Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The DisappearanceLouise Erdrich, Fleur Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children *Tim Gautreaux, Same Place, Same Things Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark *Raj Kamal Jha, Domestic Help Ha Jin, Sabateur James Joyce, Eveline Jamaica Kincaid, Girl Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee Herman Melville, Bartleby the Scribner Alice Munro, Boys and Girls *V. S. Naipaul, B. Wordsworth Joyce Carol Oates, Shopping *Flannery O’Connor, Good Country People Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Carol Shields, Fifteen Minutes in the Life of Larry Weller John Steinbeck, The ChrysanthemumsAmy Tan, Two Kinds Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland POETRY 15. Understan ding Poetry Marianne Moore, Poetry Nikki Giovanni, Poetry Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica Defining Poetry William Shakespeare, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold Louis Zukofsky, I Walk in the Old Street e. e. cummings, l(a Approaching Poetry Recognizing Kinds of Poetry Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry 16. Discovering Themes in Poetry Adrienne Rich, A Woman Mourned by Daughters Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty Second Year Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father In the Navy: A Childhood Memory Poems About ParentsTheodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Lucille Clifton, My Mama Moved among the Days Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Simon J. Ortiz, My Father’s Song *Yehuda Amichai, My Father *Jill Bialosky, The Boy Beheld his Mother’s Past Poems about Love Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd Thomas Cam pion, There Is a Garden in Her Face William Shakespeare, My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun Robert Browning, Meeting at Night Robert Browning, Parting At MorningElizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation Sylvia Plath, Wreath for a Bridal Ted Hughes, A Pink Wool Knitted Dress Poems About War Rupert Brooke, The Soldier Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead Denise Levertov, What Were They Like *Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime Boris Slutsky, How Did They Kill My GrandmotherBilly Joel, Goodnight Saigon Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It *Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning 17. Reading and Writing About Poetry Reading Poetry Active Reading Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Robert Hayden, Th ose Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Writing About Poetry Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)Second Draft Commentary Student Paper, Digging For Memories (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 18. Voice Emily Dickinson, I’m Nobody! Who Are You? The Speaker in the Poem Louise Gluck, Gretel in Darkness Leonard Adame, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum Langston Hughes, Negro Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note *Deborah Garrison, An Idle Thought *James Tate, Nice Car, Camille *Dorianne Laux, The Shipfitter’s Wife The Tone of the Poem Robert Frost, Fire and Ice Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed Amy Lowell, Patterns Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us Sylvia Plath, Morning Song Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time *Steve Kowit, The Grammar Lesson Irony Robert Browning, Porphyria’s Lover Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias Ariel Dorfman, Hope W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen Anne Sexton, Cinderella Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham *Sherman Alexie, How to Write the Great American Indian Novel *Rachel Rose, What We Heard about the Japanese *Rachel Rose, What the Japanese Perhaps Heard Checklist: Writing about Voice Writing Suggestions: Voice 9. Word Choice, Word Order Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words Word Choice Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin e. e. cummings, in Just- Theodore Roethke, I Knew a Woman *Robert Pinsky, ABC Levels of Diction Margaret At wood, The City Planners Jim Sagel, Baca Grande *Wanda Coleman, Sears Life *Mark Halliday, The Value of Education Barbara L. Greenberg, The Faithful Wife Richard Wilbur, For the Student Strikers Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight Dialect Faye Kicknosway, GracieRobert Burns, John Anderson My Jo Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Word Order Edmund Spenser, One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town A. E. Housman, To An Athlete Dying Young Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun Checklist: Writing About Word Choice, Word Order Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order 20. Imagery Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to be Said for the Iron Age Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure Michael Chitwood, Division *Lam Thi My Da, Washing Rice *Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Alley of Flowers *Edward Hirsch, M an on a Fire Escape *Maxine Kumin, Vignette *Michael McFee, Valentine’s Afternoon Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay Jean Toomer, Reapers Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est Checklist: Writing about Imagery Writing Suggestions: Imagery 21. Figures of Speech William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? Simile, Metaphor, and Personification Langston Hughes, Harlem Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity Audre Lorde, Rooming Houses Are Old WomenRobert Burns, Oh, My Love Is like A Red, Red, Rose John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning *E. B. White, Natural History *Bei Dau, A Bouquet *Martin Espada, My Father as Guitar *Mary Jo Salter, Kangaroo Hyperbole and Understatement Sylvia Plath, Daddy David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Robert Fr ost, Out, Out— Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner Margaret Atwood, You Fit Into Me *Sherod Santos, Spring ElegyMetonymy and Synecdoche Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars *Thomas Lux, Henry Clay’s Mouth Apostrophe Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa *Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California Checklist: Writing About Figures of Speech Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech 22. Sound Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice Rhythm Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud Meter Emily Dickinson, I Like to See It Lap the Miles Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After Alliteration and Assonance Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle N. Scott Momaday, Comparatives Robert Herrick, Delight in DisorderRhyme Ogden Nash, The Llama Richard Wilbur, A Sketch Gerald Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening *Kelly Cherry, Nobody’s Fool *Lydia Davis, A Mown Lawn *Robert Francis, Pitcher *Alan Shapiro, A P arting Gift *Mona Van Duyn, The Beginning Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky Checklist: Writing About Sound Writing Suggestions: Sound 23. Form John Keats, On the Sonnet *Billy Collins, Sonnet Closed Form Blank Verse Stanza The Sonnet William Shakespeare, When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes Claude McKay, The White City John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s HomerGwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle *Mona Van Duyn, Minimalist Sonnet The Sestina Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina The Villanelle Theodore Roethke, The Waking William Meredith, In Memory of Donald A. Stauffer The Epigram Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram *Martin Espada, Why I Went to College Haiku Richard Brautigan, Widow’s Lament Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku Carolyn Kizer, After Basho Open Form Carl Sandburg, Chicago Louise Gluck, Life is a Nice Place e. e. cummings, the sky was can dy Walt Whitman, from Out of the Cradl e Endlessly RockingDiane Wakoski, Sleep Robert Hayden, Monet’s Waterlillies William Carlos Williams, Spring and All Carolyn Forche, The Colonel *Pat Mora, Immigrants *Czeslaw Milosz, Christopher Robin Concrete Poetry May Swenson, Women George Herbert, Easter Wings *Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees Checklist: Writing About Form Writing Suggestions: Form 24. Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth William Blake, The Sick Rose Symbol Robert Frost, For Once, Then Something Jim Simmerman, Child’s Grave, Hale County, Alabama Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes Be in Sicily Langston Hughes, Island Theodore Roethke, Night CrowAllegory Christina Rossetti, Uphill Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck Allusion Wole Soyinka, Future Plans William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide Delmore Schwartz, The True-Blue American Myth Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel Louise Erdrich, Windigo William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts *T. S. E liot, The Journey of the Magi *Elizabeth Holmes, The Fathers Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth Writing Suggestions: Symbol Allegory, Allusion, and Myth 25. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and WritingEmily Dickinson, â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I taste a liquor never brewed—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"â€Å"Heaven† – Is what I cannot reach! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Wild Nights—Wild Nights! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Soul Selects Her own Society† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Nature—sometimes sears a Sapling—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"After great pain, A formal feeling comes—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I Read My Sentence—Steadily—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"We grow accustomed to the Dark—†Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Much Madness is divinest Sense—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"This is my letter to the World† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I heard a fly buzz—when I died—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Brain—is wider than the Sky—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I dwell in Possibility—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Only News I know† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I never saw a Moor—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Bustle in a House† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"There is no Frigate like a Book† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"That Love is all there is,†Thomas H. Johnso n and Theodora Ward, From The Letters of Emily Dickinson Burdick, E. Miller, From Emily Dickinson and the Life of Language Judith Farr, From The Passion of Emily Dickinson Richard B. Sewall, From The Life of Emily Dickinson Judy Jo Small, From Positive as Sound: Emily Dickinson’s Rhyme Allen Tate, Emily Dickinson Shankar Vedantam, Did a Bipolar Trait bring a Turn for the Verse? Michael Ryan, Vocation According to Dickinson Suzanne Juhasz, Christanne Miller, and Martha Nell Smith, Emily Dickinson’s Feminist Humor James L. Dean, Dickinson’s â€Å"Wild Nights! † Research QuestionsStudent Paper The Musicality of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry 26. The Poetry of Langston Hughes: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues Langston Hughes, I, To Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord Langston Hughes, The Ballad of Booker T Langston Hughes, Theme for English B Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie Langston Hughes, Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963) Langston Hughes, Old Walt Langston Hughes, Genius Child Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight Langston Hughes, Park Bench Langston Hughes, The Un-American InvestigatorsLangston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me Langston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain Langston Hughes, To Negro Writers Langston Hughes, My Adventures as a Social Poet Arnold Rampersad, The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes Herman Beavers, Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes Steven C. Tracy, â€Å"Midnight Ruffles of CatGut Lace†: The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes Karen Jackson Ford, Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes Aesthetics of Simplicity George B. Hutchinson, Langston Hughes and the â€Å"Other† Whitman C. D. Rogers, â€Å"Hughes’s ‘Genius Child’†Research Questions Student Paper: Challenging the Father/Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes’s  "The Negro Speaks of Rivers† 27. Poetry for Further Reading Sherman Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman Maya Angelou, Africa Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan Anonymous, Western Wind Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach *John Ashbery, Myrtle *Elizabeth Alexander, Apollo Margaret Atwood, This Is A Photograph of Me *Robin Behn, Whether or Not There Are Apples *Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper William Blake, The Lamb *William Blake, To See a World in a Grain of Sand William Blake, LondonWilliam Blake, The Tyger *Eavon Boland, The Emigrant Irish Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book Gwendolyn Brooks, The Ballad of Rudolph Reed Gwendolyn Brooks, The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty *Shulamith Wechter Caine, Intellectual Heritage *Raphael Campo, Oysters *Phyllis Capello, In Memory of Jenny and Evelyn Who Were Playing When the Stoop Collapsed *Lucille Clifton, the mississippi river empties into the gulf *Judith Ortiz Cofer, Claims Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan *Billy Collins, Lines Lost Among Trees Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge *Victor Hernandez Cruz, Anonymous e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill’s E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Brides Come to Yuba City John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God John Donne, Death Be Not Proud John Donne, Song *Mark Doty, A Display of Mackerel Rita Dove, The Satisfaction Coal Company *Gregory Djanikan, Immigrant Picnic *Stephen Dunn, Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock James A. Emanuel, Emmett TillLouise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night Robert Frost, Birches Robert Frost, Desert Places Robert Frost, Mending Wall Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening * Frederico Garcia Lorca, Arbole Arbole *Deborah Garrison, Please Fire Me Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa *Jorie Graham, I Was Taught Three H. D. , Heat H. D. , Helen *Marilyn Hacker, I’m Four *Rachel Hadas, Thick and Thin *Joy Harjo, Morning Song Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain Robert Hayden, Homage to the Empress of the Blues *Seamus Heaney, Mid-term BreakGerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover *Garett Kaoru Hongo, The Hongo Store 29 Miles Volcano Hilo, Hawaii *Andrew Hudgins, Desert Island Ted Hughes, Visit *Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood *Donald Justice, School Letting Out John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad John Keats, Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art John Keats, Ode on a Gredian Urn John Keats, When I Have Fears *Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street *Jane Kenyon, A Boy Goes into the World Philip Larkin, Aubade *Li-Young Lee, The Gift *Phillip Levine, Llanto Harry McC abe, Evening at the Shack Claude McKay, If We Must Die *James Merrill, Page from the Koran *M. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co. *Dan Nester, Pay Per View etude *Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys Party Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage *Frank O’Hara, Autobiographia Literaria *Mary Oliver, Alligator Poem Michael Ondaatje, Dates *Gregory Orr, Once the two of us Linda Pastan, Ethics Linda Pastan, Marks *Lucia Perillo, Scott Wonders if His Daughter Will Understand Tragedy if He Kills Rock and RollMarge Piercy, Barbie Doll Marge Piercy, The Friend *Robert Pinsky, If You Could Write One Great Poem, What Would You Want It to Be About? Sylvia Plath, Metaphors Sylvia Plath, Mirror Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory *Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest Carl Sandburg, Fog *S onia Sanchez, right on: white america Anne Sexton, Sylvia’s Death William Shakespeare, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds William Shakespeare, Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind Charles Simic, Spring *Louis Simpson, A Shearling Coat Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning Cathy Song, Lost Sister Gary Soto, Black Hair *Wole Soyinka, Hamlet Barry Spacks, On Finding a Yiddish Newspaper on the Riverside Line William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream *Mark Strand, Old Man Leaves a Party *Virgil Suarez, Aguacero Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses *John Updike, Rainbow Gina Valdes, My Mother Sews Blouses Margaret Walker, Lineage Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose James Welch, The Man from WashingtonPhyllis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider Walt Whitman, from Song of Myself *C. K. Williams, Tantrum William Carlos Williams, The Dance William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold William Wordsworth, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree William Butler Yeats, Sailing to ByzantiumWilliam Butler Yeats, The Second Coming 28. Biographical Sketches of Selected Poets DRAMA 29. Understanding Drama Dramatic Literature The Origins of the Modern Theater The Ancient Greek Theater The Elizabethan Theater The Modern Theater Kinds of Drama Tragedy Comedy A Note on Translations August Strindberg, The Stronger *Jane Martin, Beauty Reading Drama (only in Portable) 30. Reading and Writing About Drama Reading Drama Active Reading Previewing Highlighting or Annotating Writing About Drama Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to S ay Seeing Connections Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an OutlineDrafting an Essay Student Paper: The Women’s Role in Trifles (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft) Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 31. Plot Plot Structure Plot and Subplot Plot Development Flashbacks Foreshadowing Checklist: Writing About Plot Susan Glaspell, Trifles *Sam Shepard, True West Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House Writing Suggestions: Plot 32. Character Character’s Words Formal and Informal Language Plain and Elaborate Style Tone IronyCharacter’s Actions Stage Directions Actor’s Interpretations Checklist: Writing About Character Anton Chekov, The Brute Paddy Chayefsky, Marty *David Auburn, Proof Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman Writing Suggestions: Character 33. Staging Stage Directions The Uses of Stagi ng Costumes Props Scenery and Lighting Music and Sound Effects A Final Note Checklist: Writing About Staging Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer Sophocles, Oedipus the King William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream Writing Suggestions: Staging 34. Theme Titles Conflicts Dialogue Characters Staging A Final Note Checklist: Writing About ThemeWendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer *Margaret Edson, W;t Sophocles, Antigone August Wilson, Fences Writing Suggestions: Theme 35. Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Author’s Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition) James Fisher, From The Angels of Fructification Eric P. Levy, From Through the Soundproof Glass Jacqueline O’Connor, From Dramatizing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams Edwina Dakin Williams, Tennessee Williams, Dakin Williams, and Shepherd Meade, Excerpts from Thre e MemoirsJean Evans and Walter Wager, Excerpts from Two Interviews with Williams Thomas L. King, Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie Nancy Tischler, Nancy Marie Patterson, From A Student Companion to Tennessee Williams Roger B. Stein, From The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence Tom Scanlan, from Family, Drama, and American Dreams Roger Boxill, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Portrait of a Girl in Glass Topics for Further Research Student Paper: Laura’s Gentlemen Caller 36. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing William Shakespeare, HamletElizabeth Mullenix, Reitz, The Sublime or the Ridiculous? Siyang, Zhang, Hamlet’s Melancholy Vince Escanalar, Foils in Hamlet Mark Rose, From Reforming the Role Ellen J. O’Brien, From Revision by Excision: Rewriting Gertrude June Schlueter and James P. Lusardi, From Study to Stage to Classroom Sandra K. Fisher, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches Topics for Further Research Student Paper: â€Å"Reclaiming Shakespeare’s Gertrude: Rejecting Role Revisions on Stage and in Film† WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE 37. Three Common Writing Assignments 38. Writing a Research Paper Choosing a Topic Looking for Sources Narrowing Your TopicDoing Research Taking Notes Integrating Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Drafting a Thesis Statement Making an Outline Writing Your Paper Documenting Your Sources Parenthetical References in the Text Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References Sample References The List of Works Cited Informal Documentation Content Notes To Cite Several Sources To Provide Explanations Sample Literature Papers with MLA Documentation Student Paper, And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and act in Eudora Welty’s A Worn Path Student Paper: â€Å"A & P†: A Class Act 39. Using Literary Theory in Your Writing FormalismA Formalist Reading: Kate Chopan’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: For malism Reader-Response Criticism Reader-Response Reading’s: Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: Reader-Response Criticims Sociological Criticism Feminist Criticism A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Feminist Criticism Marxist Criticism A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Marxist Criticism New Historicism A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† For Further Reading: New Historicist CriticismPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic Terms A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† For Further Reading: Psychoanalytic Criticism Structuralism A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† For Further Reading: Structuralism Deconstruction A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O’Connor’s â €Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† For Further Reading: Deconstruction 40. Writing Essay Exams About Literature Planning an Essay Exam Answer Review Your Material Consider Your Audience and Purpose Read through the Entire Exam Read the Question CarefullyKey Words in Exam Questions Brainstorm to Find Ideas Shaping an Essay Exam Answer Stating a Thesis Making a Scratch Outline Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer Appendix A: Literary History: Aristotle to the Twentieth Century Beginnings: The Greeks and Romas (c. 450 b. c. – a. d. 400) The Middle Agesa (c. A. D. 400 – 1500) The Renaissance (c. 1500-1660) The Enlightenment (c. 1660 – 1798) The Romantic Period (1798 – 1837) The Victorian Period (1837 – 1901) The Modern Period (1901 – Present) Glossary of Literary Terms Acknowledgements Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry Two Kinds Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, 5th Edition Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell Table of Contents Preface 1. Understanding Literature Imaginative Literature Conventional Themes The Literary Canon Luisa Valenzuela, â€Å"All about Suicide† Wole Soyinka, â€Å"Telephone Conversation† Thinking Critically Interpreting Literature Evaluating Literature The Function of Literary Criticism Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism 2. Reading and Writing About Literature Reading Literature Previewing Highlighting Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols Maya Angelou, â€Å"My Arkansas† Annotating Writing About LiteraturePlanning an Essay Considering your Audience Understanding Your Purpose Writing To Respond Writing To Interpret Writing To Evaluate Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Keeping a Journal Seeing Connections: Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Revising and Editing an Essay Strategies for Revision The Revi sion Process Thesis Statement Support Topic Sentences Introductions and Conclusions Sentences and Words Using and Documenting Sources Checklist: Using Sources Checklist: Conventions for Writing About Literature Exercise: Two Student PapersStudent Paper: â€Å"Initiation into Adulthood† Student Paper: â€Å"Hard Choices† FICTION 3. Understanding Fiction Defining Fiction The Short Story Gary Gildner, â€Å"Sleepytime Gal† Margaret Atwood, â€Å"Happy Endings† *Jonathan Safran Foer, â€Å"A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease â€Å" A Final Note 4. Reading and Writing About Fiction Reading Fiction Active Reading Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Writing About Fiction Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Read Essay In Westminster Abbey AnalysisStudent Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† First Draft First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Second Draft Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Final Draft Final Draft Commentary 5. Plot Conflict Stages of Plot Order and Sequence A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Plot Kate Chopin, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Nadine Gordimer, â€Å"Once upon a Time† *Stephen Dobyns, â€Å"Kansas† William Faulkner, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Lorrie Moore, â€Å"How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes)† Writing Suggestions: Plot 6. Character Round and Flat CharactersDynamic and Static Characters Motivation Checklist: Writing About Character John Updike, â€Å"A & P† Katherine Mansfield, â€Å"Miss Brill† Charles Baxter, â€Å"Gryphon† *Jhumpa Lahiri, â€Å"The Third and Final Continentâ₠¬  *Mary Ladd Gavell, â€Å"The Swing† Writing Suggestions: Character 7. Setting Historical Setting Geographical Setting Physical Setting Checklist: Writing About Setting Kate Chopin, The Storm Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona *Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing *Pam Houston, Cowboys Are My Weakness Writing Suggestions: Setting 8. Point of View First Person NarratorUnreliable Narrators Third Person Narrator Omniscient Limited Omniscient Objective Selecting an Appropriate Point of View Limited Omniscient Point of View First-Person Point of View (Child) First-Person Point of View (Adult) Omniscient Point of View Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review Checklist: Writing about Point of View *Bessie Head, Looking for a Rain God Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man *Gish Jen, Chin William Faulkner, Barn Burning Writing Suggestions: Point of View 9. Style, Tone, and Language Styl e and Tone The Uses of Language Formal and Informal DictionImagery Figures of Speech A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language James Joyce, Araby *Andrea Barrett, The Littoral Zone Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language 10. Symbol and Allegory Literary Symbols Recognizing Symbols The Purpose of Symbols Allegory Checklist: Writing About Symbol and Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Alice Walker, Everyday Use *Raymond Carver, Cathedral *Richard Russo, DogWriting Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory 11. Theme Interpreting Themes (Understanding Theme in Portable) Identifying Themes Checklist: Writing About Theme David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables Eudora Welty, A Worn Path *Rick Bass, The Fireman Writing Suggestions: Theme 12. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†? Elaine R. Hedges, Scudder’s Comment on â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar, From The Madwoman in the Attic Ann J. Lane, From To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Denise D. Knight, ed. , Charlotte Perkins Gilman, From The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Petition to the New Jersey Legislature Judiciary Committee of the New Jersey Assembly, Response to the Petition by Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell Lise Stevens, Postpartum Depression Patricia J. Williams, Beyond the Village Pale Topics for Further Research 13. Joyce Carol Oates’ Where are You Going, Where have You Been? A Casebook for Reading Research, and Writing Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, From In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie’s Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Mike Tierce and John Michael Grafton, From Connie’s Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend† Bob Dylan, It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue Joyce M. Wegs, â€Å"Don’t You Know Who I Am? † The Grotesque in Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? †Laura Kalpakian, Where Are you Going, Where Have You Been (book review) Stephen Slimp, Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Don Moser, The Pied Piper of Tuscon The Pied Piper of Hamelin Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood Topics for Further Research Student Paper 14. Fiction for Further Reading *Chinua Ac hebe, Dead Man’s Path Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson *Donald Barthelme, City of Churches *Amy Bloom, Hold Tight T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake *Ethan Canin, The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds *Stephen Crane, The Open Boat *Junot Diaz, Aguantado Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The DisappearanceLouise Erdrich, Fleur Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children *Tim Gautreaux, Same Place, Same Things Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark *Raj Kamal Jha, Domestic Help Ha Jin, Sabateur James Joyce, Eveline Jamaica Kincaid, Girl Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee Herman Melville, Bartleby the Scribner Alice Munro, Boys and Girls *V. S. Naipaul, B. Wordsworth Joyce Carol Oates, Shopping *Flannery O’Connor, Good Country People Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Carol Shields, Fifteen Minutes in the Life of Larry Weller John Steinbeck, The ChrysanthemumsAmy Tan, Two Kinds Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland POETRY 15. Understan ding Poetry Marianne Moore, Poetry Nikki Giovanni, Poetry Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica Defining Poetry William Shakespeare, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold Louis Zukofsky, I Walk in the Old Street e. e. cummings, l(a Approaching Poetry Recognizing Kinds of Poetry Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry 16. Discovering Themes in Poetry Adrienne Rich, A Woman Mourned by Daughters Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty Second Year Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father In the Navy: A Childhood Memory Poems About ParentsTheodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Lucille Clifton, My Mama Moved among the Days Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Simon J. Ortiz, My Father’s Song *Yehuda Amichai, My Father *Jill Bialosky, The Boy Beheld his Mother’s Past Poems about Love Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd Thomas Cam pion, There Is a Garden in Her Face William Shakespeare, My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun Robert Browning, Meeting at Night Robert Browning, Parting At MorningElizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation Sylvia Plath, Wreath for a Bridal Ted Hughes, A Pink Wool Knitted Dress Poems About War Rupert Brooke, The Soldier Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead Denise Levertov, What Were They Like *Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime Boris Slutsky, How Did They Kill My GrandmotherBilly Joel, Goodnight Saigon Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It *Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning 17. Reading and Writing About Poetry Reading Poetry Active Reading Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Robert Hayden, Th ose Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Writing About Poetry Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)Second Draft Commentary Student Paper, Digging For Memories (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 18. Voice Emily Dickinson, I’m Nobody! Who Are You? The Speaker in the Poem Louise Gluck, Gretel in Darkness Leonard Adame, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum Langston Hughes, Negro Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note *Deborah Garrison, An Idle Thought *James Tate, Nice Car, Camille *Dorianne Laux, The Shipfitter’s Wife The Tone of the Poem Robert Frost, Fire and Ice Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed Amy Lowell, Patterns Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us Sylvia Plath, Morning Song Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time *Steve Kowit, The Grammar Lesson Irony Robert Browning, Porphyria’s Lover Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias Ariel Dorfman, Hope W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen Anne Sexton, Cinderella Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham *Sherman Alexie, How to Write the Great American Indian Novel *Rachel Rose, What We Heard about the Japanese *Rachel Rose, What the Japanese Perhaps Heard Checklist: Writing about Voice Writing Suggestions: Voice 9. Word Choice, Word Order Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words Word Choice Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin e. e. cummings, in Just- Theodore Roethke, I Knew a Woman *Robert Pinsky, ABC Levels of Diction Margaret At wood, The City Planners Jim Sagel, Baca Grande *Wanda Coleman, Sears Life *Mark Halliday, The Value of Education Barbara L. Greenberg, The Faithful Wife Richard Wilbur, For the Student Strikers Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight Dialect Faye Kicknosway, GracieRobert Burns, John Anderson My Jo Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Word Order Edmund Spenser, One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town A. E. Housman, To An Athlete Dying Young Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun Checklist: Writing About Word Choice, Word Order Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order 20. Imagery Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to be Said for the Iron Age Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure Michael Chitwood, Division *Lam Thi My Da, Washing Rice *Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Alley of Flowers *Edward Hirsch, M an on a Fire Escape *Maxine Kumin, Vignette *Michael McFee, Valentine’s Afternoon Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay Jean Toomer, Reapers Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est Checklist: Writing about Imagery Writing Suggestions: Imagery 21. Figures of Speech William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? Simile, Metaphor, and Personification Langston Hughes, Harlem Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity Audre Lorde, Rooming Houses Are Old WomenRobert Burns, Oh, My Love Is like A Red, Red, Rose John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning *E. B. White, Natural History *Bei Dau, A Bouquet *Martin Espada, My Father as Guitar *Mary Jo Salter, Kangaroo Hyperbole and Understatement Sylvia Plath, Daddy David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Robert Fr ost, Out, Out— Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner Margaret Atwood, You Fit Into Me *Sherod Santos, Spring ElegyMetonymy and Synecdoche Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars *Thomas Lux, Henry Clay’s Mouth Apostrophe Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa *Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California Checklist: Writing About Figures of Speech Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech 22. Sound Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice Rhythm Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud Meter Emily Dickinson, I Like to See It Lap the Miles Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After Alliteration and Assonance Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle N. Scott Momaday, Comparatives Robert Herrick, Delight in DisorderRhyme Ogden Nash, The Llama Richard Wilbur, A Sketch Gerald Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening *Kelly Cherry, Nobody’s Fool *Lydia Davis, A Mown Lawn *Robert Francis, Pitcher *Alan Shapiro, A P arting Gift *Mona Van Duyn, The Beginning Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky Checklist: Writing About Sound Writing Suggestions: Sound 23. Form John Keats, On the Sonnet *Billy Collins, Sonnet Closed Form Blank Verse Stanza The Sonnet William Shakespeare, When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes Claude McKay, The White City John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s HomerGwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle *Mona Van Duyn, Minimalist Sonnet The Sestina Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina The Villanelle Theodore Roethke, The Waking William Meredith, In Memory of Donald A. Stauffer The Epigram Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram *Martin Espada, Why I Went to College Haiku Richard Brautigan, Widow’s Lament Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku Carolyn Kizer, After Basho Open Form Carl Sandburg, Chicago Louise Gluck, Life is a Nice Place e. e. cummings, the sky was can dy Walt Whitman, from Out of the Cradl e Endlessly RockingDiane Wakoski, Sleep Robert Hayden, Monet’s Waterlillies William Carlos Williams, Spring and All Carolyn Forche, The Colonel *Pat Mora, Immigrants *Czeslaw Milosz, Christopher Robin Concrete Poetry May Swenson, Women George Herbert, Easter Wings *Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees Checklist: Writing About Form Writing Suggestions: Form 24. Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth William Blake, The Sick Rose Symbol Robert Frost, For Once, Then Something Jim Simmerman, Child’s Grave, Hale County, Alabama Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes Be in Sicily Langston Hughes, Island Theodore Roethke, Night CrowAllegory Christina Rossetti, Uphill Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck Allusion Wole Soyinka, Future Plans William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide Delmore Schwartz, The True-Blue American Myth Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel Louise Erdrich, Windigo William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts *T. S. E liot, The Journey of the Magi *Elizabeth Holmes, The Fathers Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth Writing Suggestions: Symbol Allegory, Allusion, and Myth 25. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and WritingEmily Dickinson, â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I taste a liquor never brewed—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"â€Å"Heaven† – Is what I cannot reach! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Wild Nights—Wild Nights! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Soul Selects Her own Society† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Nature—sometimes sears a Sapling—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"After great pain, A formal feeling comes—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I Read My Sentence—Steadily—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"We grow accustomed to the Dark—†Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Much Madness is divinest Sense—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"This is my letter to the World† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I heard a fly buzz—when I died—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Brain—is wider than the Sky—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I dwell in Possibility—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Only News I know† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I never saw a Moor—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Bustle in a House† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"There is no Frigate like a Book† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"That Love is all there is,†Thomas H. Johnso n and Theodora Ward, From The Letters of Emily Dickinson Burdick, E. Miller, From Emily Dickinson and the Life of Language Judith Farr, From The Passion of Emily Dickinson Richard B. Sewall, From The Life of Emily Dickinson Judy Jo Small, From Positive as Sound: Emily Dickinson’s Rhyme Allen Tate, Emily Dickinson Shankar Vedantam, Did a Bipolar Trait bring a Turn for the Verse? Michael Ryan, Vocation According to Dickinson Suzanne Juhasz, Christanne Miller, and Martha Nell Smith, Emily Dickinson’s Feminist Humor James L. Dean, Dickinson’s â€Å"Wild Nights! † Research QuestionsStudent Paper The Musicality of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry 26. The Poetry of Langston Hughes: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues Langston Hughes, I, To Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord Langston Hughes, The Ballad of Booker T Langston Hughes, Theme for English B Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie Langston Hughes, Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963) Langston Hughes, Old Walt Langston Hughes, Genius Child Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight Langston Hughes, Park Bench Langston Hughes, The Un-American InvestigatorsLangston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me Langston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain Langston Hughes, To Negro Writers Langston Hughes, My Adventures as a Social Poet Arnold Rampersad, The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes Herman Beavers, Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes Steven C. Tracy, â€Å"Midnight Ruffles of CatGut Lace†: The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes Karen Jackson Ford, Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes Aesthetics of Simplicity George B. Hutchinson, Langston Hughes and the â€Å"Other† Whitman C. D. Rogers, â€Å"Hughes’s ‘Genius Child’†Research Questions Student Paper: Challenging the Father/Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes’s  "The Negro Speaks of Rivers† 27. Poetry for Further Reading Sherman Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman Maya Angelou, Africa Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan Anonymous, Western Wind Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach *John Ashbery, Myrtle *Elizabeth Alexander, Apollo Margaret Atwood, This Is A Photograph of Me *Robin Behn, Whether or Not There Are Apples *Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper William Blake, The Lamb *William Blake, To See a World in a Grain of Sand William Blake, LondonWilliam Blake, The Tyger *Eavon Boland, The Emigrant Irish Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book Gwendolyn Brooks, The Ballad of Rudolph Reed Gwendolyn Brooks, The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty *Shulamith Wechter Caine, Intellectual Heritage *Raphael Campo, Oysters *Phyllis Capello, In Memory of Jenny and Evelyn Who Were Playing When the Stoop Collapsed *Lucille Clifton, the mississippi river empties into the gulf *Judith Ortiz Cofer, Claims Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan *Billy Collins, Lines Lost Among Trees Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge *Victor Hernandez Cruz, Anonymous e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill’s E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Brides Come to Yuba City John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God John Donne, Death Be Not Proud John Donne, Song *Mark Doty, A Display of Mackerel Rita Dove, The Satisfaction Coal Company *Gregory Djanikan, Immigrant Picnic *Stephen Dunn, Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock James A. Emanuel, Emmett TillLouise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night Robert Frost, Birches Robert Frost, Desert Places Robert Frost, Mending Wall Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening * Frederico Garcia Lorca, Arbole Arbole *Deborah Garrison, Please Fire Me Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa *Jorie Graham, I Was Taught Three H. D. , Heat H. D. , Helen *Marilyn Hacker, I’m Four *Rachel Hadas, Thick and Thin *Joy Harjo, Morning Song Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain Robert Hayden, Homage to the Empress of the Blues *Seamus Heaney, Mid-term BreakGerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover *Garett Kaoru Hongo, The Hongo Store 29 Miles Volcano Hilo, Hawaii *Andrew Hudgins, Desert Island Ted Hughes, Visit *Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood *Donald Justice, School Letting Out John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad John Keats, Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art John Keats, Ode on a Gredian Urn John Keats, When I Have Fears *Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street *Jane Kenyon, A Boy Goes into the World Philip Larkin, Aubade *Li-Young Lee, The Gift *Phillip Levine, Llanto Harry McC abe, Evening at the Shack Claude McKay, If We Must Die *James Merrill, Page from the Koran *M. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co. *Dan Nester, Pay Per View etude *Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys Party Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage *Frank O’Hara, Autobiographia Literaria *Mary Oliver, Alligator Poem Michael Ondaatje, Dates *Gregory Orr, Once the two of us Linda Pastan, Ethics Linda Pastan, Marks *Lucia Perillo, Scott Wonders if His Daughter Will Understand Tragedy if He Kills Rock and RollMarge Piercy, Barbie Doll Marge Piercy, The Friend *Robert Pinsky, If You Could Write One Great Poem, What Would You Want It to Be About? Sylvia Plath, Metaphors Sylvia Plath, Mirror Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory *Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest Carl Sandburg, Fog *S onia Sanchez, right on: white america Anne Sexton, Sylvia’s Death William Shakespeare, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds William Shakespeare, Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind Charles Simic, Spring *Louis Simpson, A Shearling Coat Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning Cathy Song, Lost Sister Gary Soto, Black Hair *Wole Soyinka, Hamlet Barry Spacks, On Finding a Yiddish Newspaper on the Riverside Line William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream *Mark Strand, Old Man Leaves a Party *Virgil Suarez, Aguacero Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses *John Updike, Rainbow Gina Valdes, My Mother Sews Blouses Margaret Walker, Lineage Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose James Welch, The Man from WashingtonPhyllis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider Walt Whitman, from Song of Myself *C. K. Williams, Tantrum William Carlos Williams, The Dance William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold William Wordsworth, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree William Butler Yeats, Sailing to ByzantiumWilliam Butler Yeats, The Second Coming 28. Biographical Sketches of Selected Poets DRAMA 29. Understanding Drama Dramatic Literature The Origins of the Modern Theater The Ancient Greek Theater The Elizabethan Theater The Modern Theater Kinds of Drama Tragedy Comedy A Note on Translations August Strindberg, The Stronger *Jane Martin, Beauty Reading Drama (only in Portable) 30. Reading and Writing About Drama Reading Drama Active Reading Previewing Highlighting or Annotating Writing About Drama Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to S ay Seeing Connections Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an OutlineDrafting an Essay Student Paper: The Women’s Role in Trifles (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft) Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 31. Plot Plot Structure Plot and Subplot Plot Development Flashbacks Foreshadowing Checklist: Writing About Plot Susan Glaspell, Trifles *Sam Shepard, True West Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House Writing Suggestions: Plot 32. Character Character’s Words Formal and Informal Language Plain and Elaborate Style Tone IronyCharacter’s Actions Stage Directions Actor’s Interpretations Checklist: Writing About Character Anton Chekov, The Brute Paddy Chayefsky, Marty *David Auburn, Proof Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman Writing Suggestions: Character 33. Staging Stage Directions The Uses of Stagi ng Costumes Props Scenery and Lighting Music and Sound Effects A Final Note Checklist: Writing About Staging Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer Sophocles, Oedipus the King William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream Writing Suggestions: Staging 34. Theme Titles Conflicts Dialogue Characters Staging A Final Note Checklist: Writing About ThemeWendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer *Margaret Edson, W;t Sophocles, Antigone August Wilson, Fences Writing Suggestions: Theme 35. Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Author’s Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition) James Fisher, From The Angels of Fructification Eric P. Levy, From Through the Soundproof Glass Jacqueline O’Connor, From Dramatizing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams Edwina Dakin Williams, Tennessee Williams, Dakin Williams, and Shepherd Meade, Excerpts from Thre e MemoirsJean Evans and Walter Wager, Excerpts from Two Interviews with Williams Thomas L. King, Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie Nancy Tischler, Nancy Marie Patterson, From A Student Companion to Tennessee Williams Roger B. Stein, From The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence Tom Scanlan, from Family, Drama, and American Dreams Roger Boxill, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Portrait of a Girl in Glass Topics for Further Research Student Paper: Laura’s Gentlemen Caller 36. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing William Shakespeare, HamletElizabeth Mullenix, Reitz, The Sublime or the Ridiculous? Siyang, Zhang, Hamlet’s Melancholy Vince Escanalar, Foils in Hamlet Mark Rose, From Reforming the Role Ellen J. O’Brien, From Revision by Excision: Rewriting Gertrude June Schlueter and James P. Lusardi, From Study to Stage to Classroom Sandra K. Fisher, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches Topics for Further Research Student Paper: â€Å"Reclaiming Shakespeare’s Gertrude: Rejecting Role Revisions on Stage and in Film† WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE 37. Three Common Writing Assignments 38. Writing a Research Paper Choosing a Topic Looking for Sources Narrowing Your TopicDoing Research Taking Notes Integrating Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Drafting a Thesis Statement Making an Outline Writing Your Paper Documenting Your Sources Parenthetical References in the Text Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References Sample References The List of Works Cited Informal Documentation Content Notes To Cite Several Sources To Provide Explanations Sample Literature Papers with MLA Documentation Student Paper, And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and act in Eudora Welty’s A Worn Path Student Paper: â€Å"A & P†: A Class Act 39. Using Literary Theory in Your Writing FormalismA Formalist Reading: Kate Chopan’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: For malism Reader-Response Criticism Reader-Response Reading’s: Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: Reader-Response Criticims Sociological Criticism Feminist Criticism A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Feminist Criticism Marxist Criticism A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Marxist Criticism New Historicism A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† For Further Reading: New Historicist CriticismPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic Terms A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† For Further Reading: Psychoanalytic Criticism Structuralism A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† For Further Reading: Structuralism Deconstruction A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O’Connor’s â €Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† For Further Reading: Deconstruction 40. Writing Essay Exams About Literature Planning an Essay Exam Answer Review Your Material Consider Your Audience and Purpose Read through the Entire Exam Read the Question CarefullyKey Words in Exam Questions Brainstorm to Find Ideas Shaping an Essay Exam Answer Stating a Thesis Making a Scratch Outline Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer Appendix A: Literary History: Aristotle to the Twentieth Century Beginnings: The Greeks and Romas (c. 450 b. c. – a. d. 400) The Middle Agesa (c. A. D. 400 – 1500) The Renaissance (c. 1500-1660) The Enlightenment (c. 1660 – 1798) The Romantic Period (1798 – 1837) The Victorian Period (1837 – 1901) The Modern Period (1901 – Present) Glossary of Literary Terms Acknowledgements Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry