Reflective Practice in Nursing :: Reflection Upon An Incident

Reflective processes help us to see the world in alternative ways by enabling us to focus on different aspects of our experiences. Reflective processes are the stages of thoughtful activity that we need to go through when we consciously decide to explore an experience or to reflect upon it. There are many ways in which we can reflect upon something, but before we look at one or two formal structures, we need to look at the basic ideas behind using a structure for reflection. There are basically six fundamental stages of reflective processes and these are: Stage 1: selecting a critical incident to reflect upon. Stage 2: observing and describing that experience. Stage 3: analysing that experience. Stage 4: interpreting that experience. Stage 5: exploring alternatives. Stage 6: framing action. Now any experience that we have had can be used as the focus of reflection, but what we choose to reflect upon needs to have some significance for us. That is significance in terms of what we are trying to achieve or the purpose that it is going to serve. These significant experiences or events are often known as critical incidents. Flanagan (1954:327) defined what he meant by critical incidents: 'By an incident is meant any observable human activity that is sufficiently complete in itself to permit inferences and predictions to be made about the person performing the act. To be critical, an incident must occur in a situation where the purpose or intent of the act seems fairly clear to the observer and when its consequences are sufficiently definite to leave little doubt concerning its effects'. So we can see that critical incidents are episodes of experience that have particular meaning to the observer, the practitioner, or any other person taking part in them. They may be positive or negative experiences and must be suitable for being described in a concise way (Jasper 2003). When focusing on events involving other people, you will need to think about: the effect that this might have on the other people involved; gaining consent from the others involved; the status of any written records are you might make; confidentiality and protecting others. When considering reflecting with others in a professional context, you need to think about: the contextual indications of discussing things that have happened; choosing what to tell and considering the implications of this; working within professional codes of conduct and their implications; the consequences of disclosure; misconduct/malpractice/negligence;

Does ‘Better’ corporate governance cause better firm performance? Essay

A study had been generated and said that performance are affected either the implemented governance is good or bad: †¦ In summary, our results are as follows. First, we do not find significantly different firm performance between firms with â€Å"good† changes in governance and firms with â€Å"bad† changes in governance, except for isolated instances. This result holds for all the three samples (i. e. the Moderate Performance sample, the Abnormally Bad Performance sample and the Abnormally Good Performance sample). Second, both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† changes in governance are followed by positive as well as negative changes in industry-adjusted performance. Indeed, more than 50% of the firms with â€Å"good† governance changes exhibit negative industry-adjusted performance. Third, we find that both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† changes in governance lead to significant changes in performance. Therefore, if one restricts the analysis to only â€Å"good† changes in governance or only â€Å"bad† changes in governance, one would incorrectly conclude that changes in governance lead to changes in performance. Fourth, we observe that different firms vary in directions of governance changes when they experience the same direction in performance changes. A same firm also often simultaneously changes its different governance characteristics in conflicting directions (i. e. both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† governance changes). Last, our measure for Aggregate Governance Change confirms the first result for individual governance measure that the firms with â€Å"good† changes in governance do not have better performance than the firms with â€Å"bad† changes in governance. Our results present strong evidence against the null hypothesis that â€Å"better† governance causes better firm performance. Note that our results do not imply that governance is irrelevant. Instead, it implies that firms are endogenously optimizing their governance structure in response to observable and unobservable firm characteristics. These results are consistent with the strand of the literature that has shown each governance mechanism to be related to observable and unobservable firm characteristics. The statement proves that all decisions and change causes an effect to a business. This however means that every day, new challenge may face the company. It is normal for demands, and conflicts to happen. The thing that is important is the management and the organization as a whole would stand as one and face all the challenges with a positive outlook to solve it. From the study that we’ve conducted, the writer concluded that the main cause of business failure are the management’s negligence, improper planning. Conducting good and bad governance both causes changes in an organization so it’s better to be alert in all times. Decision making should be done carefully and the organization should choose the people who they will trust. Recommendations Having all the different factors of company failures and the experiences of the UK Industry Company and MISnet Inc. , the writer recommend that the top management should not take the needs of the company for granted but they should also be careful in giving. Decisions should be done care. The financial capacity must always be monitored and all departments must always be alert in all times. The management should encourage the workers to work with passion, be loyal to the company and work hand and hand to achieve all the goals that the company has. It is also important that the people working in the company are capable of doing their assigned job description. Workers are the company’s working hand. It is a must that the workers are at their best to bring the best product that the company wants to have. Investment has been always a part of life in a company. When it comes to people investment, the company must be sure that spending money for a person must be worth paying for. Hence, the company must be very careful of choosing the right people to trust and the right people for a certain job. Documentation is always a must. Never let any situation happen without any documentation. All reports and transactions must be done with papers and with the PIC’s (Person in Charge) signature to make it even more valid and powerful in meetings and agreements. Even important conversations must be recorded and documented to ensure understanding between parties. Meetings are also important and dissemination of information is a must. Memoranda should always be disseminated to all employees. Discipline has been an issue in all companies. The company must enforce a strict and fair rule and policies that the employees must do in order to organize a company. Make them come in the company on time and finish their work fast. Over time on work is not a measurement of quality service, it only show two things: its either the worker can’t handle too many work because of pressure or multi tasking or the worker can’t finish the work on time because he/she wasted it. The company should always have a room for improvement. Benchmarking or company observation is a big help to improve the company’s usual workflow and environment. People used to compare one thing to another. Make it a positive way of upgrading the company. Have a group of trusted people to assist the company to make improvements. Lastly, a company must have a goal or mission. No company must have an inspiration to look forward to. Set a series of mission, vision, the company’s commitment, core values and principles so that the workers will live by the company’s principles and for the company’s goal. There are series of ways and measurements that can be done through quality audits, and meetings. Implement good data management and all department management. Some analyst says that most business fails after its 8 years of operation it still depends on the teamwork of the people in an organization and its willingness to survive. Reference Websites N. K. Chidambaran, Darius Palia , Yudan Zheng , Does ‘Better ‘Corporate Governance Cause Better Firm Performance? , [2006], viewed on 28 January 2008. Greg Bustin, ‘Why Companies Fail? Take Charge! How Leaders Profit From Change’ [2005], viewed on 28 January 2008. Susan M. Heathfield, ‘Performance Management Process Checklist’ < http://humanresources. about. com/od/performancemanagement/a/perfmgmt. htm > viewed on 27 January 2008 ‘Management’, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia viewed on 28 January 2008. NEERAJ BHARGAVA, ‘Good Governance is Good Business’, The Wall Street Journal, [2006] < http://online. wsj. com/article/SB115671755403846763-search. html? KEYWORDS=Good+Governance&COLLECTION=wsjie/6month > viewed on 29 January 2008 ‘Good Governance’ Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia viewed on 28 January 2008 Herb Greenberg â€Å"Corporate Governance as a ‘Risk Factor’. Finding Relationship between Performance and a company’s board of directors† [2007] < http://www. marketwatch. com/news/story/weighing-risk-factors-bad-corporate/story.aspx? guid=%7B55BF9816-8CC4-4570-8D6D-13EBD531F5CE%7D > viewed on 28 January 2008 ‘Process Audit’ viewed on 27 January 2008 Customer Audit < http://www. understanding. co. uk/customeraudit. htm > viewed on 27 January 2008 ‘Final Assembly Supplier Audit Report’ < http://images. apple. com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Final_Assembly_Audit. pdf > (2007) viewed on 28 January 2008 West Cumbria Council for Voluntary Service, ‘Effective Meetings’ (2005) < http://www. westcumbriacvs. org. uk/docs/FactSheet4. pdf> viewed on 28 January 2008. Books Terry Collison â€Å"How to Write an Effective Business Plan in Just Three Hours†, 1993 Paul Todd, ‘Swot Equity and Trust (Swot)’(Gaunt; 5Rev Ed edition (October 1996)) Jeffrey Abrahams, ‘The Mission Statement Book: 301 Corporate Mission Statements from America’s Top Companies’ (TEN SPEED PRESS; Rev Sub edition (1999)) ARTICLES Evangeline Santos ‘How Failures Happen’ IT Tribune (Philippines December 2007) Bruce G. Posner ‘Why Companies Fail’ Inc. com Magazine (June 1993) Manuel Toledo ‘Coping With Business Failure: A Kaizen Approach’ Ginto (Philippines 2004) Term Papers. Hubert Ooghe, Sofie De Prijcker ‘Failure process and causes of company bankruptcy’ (Universiteit Gent) Wayne L. Welsh CPA, ‘Best Practices For Good Management’ Office of the Legislative Author General (2001) R Massey, J Widdows, K Bhattacharya, R Shaw, D Hart, D Law, W Hawes, ‘Insurance Company Failure’ < http://www. actuaries. org. uk/files/pdf/giro2002/Massey. pdf > viewed on 28 January 2008 Conference John Hunter, Natalia Isachenkova ‘Aggregate Economy Risk and Company Failure: An Examination of the UK Quoted Firms in the Early 1990s’ Department of Economics and Finance’ (Brunel University).

Transformational Learning

Transformational learning is the type of experience that its outcome can bring forth a level of new meaning in your life. This learning cycle of intricate tasks is broken down into four stages, recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely, finding a solution, and integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into your life pattern. These four phases create the transformational process and requires extreme mental concentration and careful consideration. The intensity of this procedure is often painful and stressful, hence forth the old saying â€Å"no pain, no gain†.First, you must know what the problem is that you are facing and acknowledge it. Then, you must face the problem with an extreme effort. Once these steps are completed and only then, can you start finding a solution. The solution you find will give you a new view. Based upon this outcome, your newly acquired view must be integrated into your life pattern. Transformation on this level is o ften wanted but it does not come easy. These â€Å"before† and â€Å"after† states are the points that show us our personal growth. The most transformational learning experience in my life has been the discussion to go back to school.The fear of working, having a family, and making time to study and being successful in my studies presented a great problem to me. How to balance these three demanding dimensions of my life and still be the same person was puzzling. Through a trial and error process, I redefined my life pattern, taking bits of personal and casual time to maximize my effort of pursuing my goal. By putting all my focus through my spare time in my work week, it opened up extra time on my weekend to spend with my family. This new pattern I developed has brought harmony and balance to my life.

Two Kinds

Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, 5th Edition Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell Table of Contents Preface 1. Understanding Literature Imaginative Literature Conventional Themes The Literary Canon Luisa Valenzuela, â€Å"All about Suicide† Wole Soyinka, â€Å"Telephone Conversation† Thinking Critically Interpreting Literature Evaluating Literature The Function of Literary Criticism Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism 2. Reading and Writing About Literature Reading Literature Previewing Highlighting Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols Maya Angelou, â€Å"My Arkansas† Annotating Writing About LiteraturePlanning an Essay Considering your Audience Understanding Your Purpose Writing To Respond Writing To Interpret Writing To Evaluate Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Keeping a Journal Seeing Connections: Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Revising and Editing an Essay Strategies for Revision The Revi sion Process Thesis Statement Support Topic Sentences Introductions and Conclusions Sentences and Words Using and Documenting Sources Checklist: Using Sources Checklist: Conventions for Writing About Literature Exercise: Two Student PapersStudent Paper: â€Å"Initiation into Adulthood† Student Paper: â€Å"Hard Choices† FICTION 3. Understanding Fiction Defining Fiction The Short Story Gary Gildner, â€Å"Sleepytime Gal† Margaret Atwood, â€Å"Happy Endings† *Jonathan Safran Foer, â€Å"A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease â€Å" A Final Note 4. Reading and Writing About Fiction Reading Fiction Active Reading Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Writing About Fiction Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Read Essay In Westminster Abbey AnalysisStudent Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† First Draft First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Second Draft Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Final Draft Final Draft Commentary 5. Plot Conflict Stages of Plot Order and Sequence A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Plot Kate Chopin, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Nadine Gordimer, â€Å"Once upon a Time† *Stephen Dobyns, â€Å"Kansas† William Faulkner, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Lorrie Moore, â€Å"How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes)† Writing Suggestions: Plot 6. Character Round and Flat CharactersDynamic and Static Characters Motivation Checklist: Writing About Character John Updike, â€Å"A & P† Katherine Mansfield, â€Å"Miss Brill† Charles Baxter, â€Å"Gryphon† *Jhumpa Lahiri, â€Å"The Third and Final Continentâ₠¬  *Mary Ladd Gavell, â€Å"The Swing† Writing Suggestions: Character 7. Setting Historical Setting Geographical Setting Physical Setting Checklist: Writing About Setting Kate Chopin, The Storm Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona *Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing *Pam Houston, Cowboys Are My Weakness Writing Suggestions: Setting 8. Point of View First Person NarratorUnreliable Narrators Third Person Narrator Omniscient Limited Omniscient Objective Selecting an Appropriate Point of View Limited Omniscient Point of View First-Person Point of View (Child) First-Person Point of View (Adult) Omniscient Point of View Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review Checklist: Writing about Point of View *Bessie Head, Looking for a Rain God Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man *Gish Jen, Chin William Faulkner, Barn Burning Writing Suggestions: Point of View 9. Style, Tone, and Language Styl e and Tone The Uses of Language Formal and Informal DictionImagery Figures of Speech A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language James Joyce, Araby *Andrea Barrett, The Littoral Zone Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language 10. Symbol and Allegory Literary Symbols Recognizing Symbols The Purpose of Symbols Allegory Checklist: Writing About Symbol and Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Alice Walker, Everyday Use *Raymond Carver, Cathedral *Richard Russo, DogWriting Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory 11. Theme Interpreting Themes (Understanding Theme in Portable) Identifying Themes Checklist: Writing About Theme David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables Eudora Welty, A Worn Path *Rick Bass, The Fireman Writing Suggestions: Theme 12. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†? Elaine R. Hedges, Scudder’s Comment on â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar, From The Madwoman in the Attic Ann J. Lane, From To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Denise D. Knight, ed. , Charlotte Perkins Gilman, From The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Petition to the New Jersey Legislature Judiciary Committee of the New Jersey Assembly, Response to the Petition by Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell Lise Stevens, Postpartum Depression Patricia J. Williams, Beyond the Village Pale Topics for Further Research 13. Joyce Carol Oates’ Where are You Going, Where have You Been? A Casebook for Reading Research, and Writing Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, From In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie’s Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Mike Tierce and John Michael Grafton, From Connie’s Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend† Bob Dylan, It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue Joyce M. Wegs, â€Å"Don’t You Know Who I Am? † The Grotesque in Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? †Laura Kalpakian, Where Are you Going, Where Have You Been (book review) Stephen Slimp, Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Don Moser, The Pied Piper of Tuscon The Pied Piper of Hamelin Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood Topics for Further Research Student Paper 14. Fiction for Further Reading *Chinua Ac hebe, Dead Man’s Path Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson *Donald Barthelme, City of Churches *Amy Bloom, Hold Tight T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake *Ethan Canin, The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds *Stephen Crane, The Open Boat *Junot Diaz, Aguantado Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The DisappearanceLouise Erdrich, Fleur Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children *Tim Gautreaux, Same Place, Same Things Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark *Raj Kamal Jha, Domestic Help Ha Jin, Sabateur James Joyce, Eveline Jamaica Kincaid, Girl Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee Herman Melville, Bartleby the Scribner Alice Munro, Boys and Girls *V. S. Naipaul, B. Wordsworth Joyce Carol Oates, Shopping *Flannery O’Connor, Good Country People Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Carol Shields, Fifteen Minutes in the Life of Larry Weller John Steinbeck, The ChrysanthemumsAmy Tan, Two Kinds Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland POETRY 15. Understan ding Poetry Marianne Moore, Poetry Nikki Giovanni, Poetry Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica Defining Poetry William Shakespeare, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold Louis Zukofsky, I Walk in the Old Street e. e. cummings, l(a Approaching Poetry Recognizing Kinds of Poetry Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry 16. Discovering Themes in Poetry Adrienne Rich, A Woman Mourned by Daughters Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty Second Year Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father In the Navy: A Childhood Memory Poems About ParentsTheodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Lucille Clifton, My Mama Moved among the Days Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Simon J. Ortiz, My Father’s Song *Yehuda Amichai, My Father *Jill Bialosky, The Boy Beheld his Mother’s Past Poems about Love Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd Thomas Cam pion, There Is a Garden in Her Face William Shakespeare, My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun Robert Browning, Meeting at Night Robert Browning, Parting At MorningElizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation Sylvia Plath, Wreath for a Bridal Ted Hughes, A Pink Wool Knitted Dress Poems About War Rupert Brooke, The Soldier Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead Denise Levertov, What Were They Like *Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime Boris Slutsky, How Did They Kill My GrandmotherBilly Joel, Goodnight Saigon Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It *Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning 17. Reading and Writing About Poetry Reading Poetry Active Reading Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Robert Hayden, Th ose Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Writing About Poetry Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)Second Draft Commentary Student Paper, Digging For Memories (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 18. Voice Emily Dickinson, I’m Nobody! Who Are You? The Speaker in the Poem Louise Gluck, Gretel in Darkness Leonard Adame, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum Langston Hughes, Negro Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note *Deborah Garrison, An Idle Thought *James Tate, Nice Car, Camille *Dorianne Laux, The Shipfitter’s Wife The Tone of the Poem Robert Frost, Fire and Ice Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed Amy Lowell, Patterns Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us Sylvia Plath, Morning Song Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time *Steve Kowit, The Grammar Lesson Irony Robert Browning, Porphyria’s Lover Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias Ariel Dorfman, Hope W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen Anne Sexton, Cinderella Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham *Sherman Alexie, How to Write the Great American Indian Novel *Rachel Rose, What We Heard about the Japanese *Rachel Rose, What the Japanese Perhaps Heard Checklist: Writing about Voice Writing Suggestions: Voice 9. Word Choice, Word Order Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words Word Choice Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin e. e. cummings, in Just- Theodore Roethke, I Knew a Woman *Robert Pinsky, ABC Levels of Diction Margaret At wood, The City Planners Jim Sagel, Baca Grande *Wanda Coleman, Sears Life *Mark Halliday, The Value of Education Barbara L. Greenberg, The Faithful Wife Richard Wilbur, For the Student Strikers Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight Dialect Faye Kicknosway, GracieRobert Burns, John Anderson My Jo Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Word Order Edmund Spenser, One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town A. E. Housman, To An Athlete Dying Young Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun Checklist: Writing About Word Choice, Word Order Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order 20. Imagery Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to be Said for the Iron Age Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure Michael Chitwood, Division *Lam Thi My Da, Washing Rice *Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Alley of Flowers *Edward Hirsch, M an on a Fire Escape *Maxine Kumin, Vignette *Michael McFee, Valentine’s Afternoon Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay Jean Toomer, Reapers Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est Checklist: Writing about Imagery Writing Suggestions: Imagery 21. Figures of Speech William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? Simile, Metaphor, and Personification Langston Hughes, Harlem Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity Audre Lorde, Rooming Houses Are Old WomenRobert Burns, Oh, My Love Is like A Red, Red, Rose John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning *E. B. White, Natural History *Bei Dau, A Bouquet *Martin Espada, My Father as Guitar *Mary Jo Salter, Kangaroo Hyperbole and Understatement Sylvia Plath, Daddy David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Robert Fr ost, Out, Out— Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner Margaret Atwood, You Fit Into Me *Sherod Santos, Spring ElegyMetonymy and Synecdoche Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars *Thomas Lux, Henry Clay’s Mouth Apostrophe Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa *Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California Checklist: Writing About Figures of Speech Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech 22. Sound Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice Rhythm Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud Meter Emily Dickinson, I Like to See It Lap the Miles Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After Alliteration and Assonance Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle N. Scott Momaday, Comparatives Robert Herrick, Delight in DisorderRhyme Ogden Nash, The Llama Richard Wilbur, A Sketch Gerald Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening *Kelly Cherry, Nobody’s Fool *Lydia Davis, A Mown Lawn *Robert Francis, Pitcher *Alan Shapiro, A P arting Gift *Mona Van Duyn, The Beginning Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky Checklist: Writing About Sound Writing Suggestions: Sound 23. Form John Keats, On the Sonnet *Billy Collins, Sonnet Closed Form Blank Verse Stanza The Sonnet William Shakespeare, When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes Claude McKay, The White City John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s HomerGwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle *Mona Van Duyn, Minimalist Sonnet The Sestina Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina The Villanelle Theodore Roethke, The Waking William Meredith, In Memory of Donald A. Stauffer The Epigram Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram *Martin Espada, Why I Went to College Haiku Richard Brautigan, Widow’s Lament Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku Carolyn Kizer, After Basho Open Form Carl Sandburg, Chicago Louise Gluck, Life is a Nice Place e. e. cummings, the sky was can dy Walt Whitman, from Out of the Cradl e Endlessly RockingDiane Wakoski, Sleep Robert Hayden, Monet’s Waterlillies William Carlos Williams, Spring and All Carolyn Forche, The Colonel *Pat Mora, Immigrants *Czeslaw Milosz, Christopher Robin Concrete Poetry May Swenson, Women George Herbert, Easter Wings *Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees Checklist: Writing About Form Writing Suggestions: Form 24. Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth William Blake, The Sick Rose Symbol Robert Frost, For Once, Then Something Jim Simmerman, Child’s Grave, Hale County, Alabama Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes Be in Sicily Langston Hughes, Island Theodore Roethke, Night CrowAllegory Christina Rossetti, Uphill Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck Allusion Wole Soyinka, Future Plans William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide Delmore Schwartz, The True-Blue American Myth Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel Louise Erdrich, Windigo William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts *T. S. E liot, The Journey of the Magi *Elizabeth Holmes, The Fathers Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth Writing Suggestions: Symbol Allegory, Allusion, and Myth 25. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and WritingEmily Dickinson, â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I taste a liquor never brewed—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"â€Å"Heaven† – Is what I cannot reach! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Wild Nights—Wild Nights! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Soul Selects Her own Society† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Nature—sometimes sears a Sapling—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"After great pain, A formal feeling comes—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I Read My Sentence—Steadily—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"We grow accustomed to the Dark—†Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Much Madness is divinest Sense—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"This is my letter to the World† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I heard a fly buzz—when I died—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Brain—is wider than the Sky—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I dwell in Possibility—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Only News I know† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I never saw a Moor—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Bustle in a House† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"There is no Frigate like a Book† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"That Love is all there is,†Thomas H. Johnso n and Theodora Ward, From The Letters of Emily Dickinson Burdick, E. Miller, From Emily Dickinson and the Life of Language Judith Farr, From The Passion of Emily Dickinson Richard B. Sewall, From The Life of Emily Dickinson Judy Jo Small, From Positive as Sound: Emily Dickinson’s Rhyme Allen Tate, Emily Dickinson Shankar Vedantam, Did a Bipolar Trait bring a Turn for the Verse? Michael Ryan, Vocation According to Dickinson Suzanne Juhasz, Christanne Miller, and Martha Nell Smith, Emily Dickinson’s Feminist Humor James L. Dean, Dickinson’s â€Å"Wild Nights! † Research QuestionsStudent Paper The Musicality of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry 26. The Poetry of Langston Hughes: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues Langston Hughes, I, To Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord Langston Hughes, The Ballad of Booker T Langston Hughes, Theme for English B Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie Langston Hughes, Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963) Langston Hughes, Old Walt Langston Hughes, Genius Child Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight Langston Hughes, Park Bench Langston Hughes, The Un-American InvestigatorsLangston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me Langston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain Langston Hughes, To Negro Writers Langston Hughes, My Adventures as a Social Poet Arnold Rampersad, The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes Herman Beavers, Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes Steven C. Tracy, â€Å"Midnight Ruffles of CatGut Lace†: The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes Karen Jackson Ford, Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes Aesthetics of Simplicity George B. Hutchinson, Langston Hughes and the â€Å"Other† Whitman C. D. Rogers, â€Å"Hughes’s ‘Genius Child’†Research Questions Student Paper: Challenging the Father/Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes’s  "The Negro Speaks of Rivers† 27. Poetry for Further Reading Sherman Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman Maya Angelou, Africa Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan Anonymous, Western Wind Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach *John Ashbery, Myrtle *Elizabeth Alexander, Apollo Margaret Atwood, This Is A Photograph of Me *Robin Behn, Whether or Not There Are Apples *Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper William Blake, The Lamb *William Blake, To See a World in a Grain of Sand William Blake, LondonWilliam Blake, The Tyger *Eavon Boland, The Emigrant Irish Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book Gwendolyn Brooks, The Ballad of Rudolph Reed Gwendolyn Brooks, The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty *Shulamith Wechter Caine, Intellectual Heritage *Raphael Campo, Oysters *Phyllis Capello, In Memory of Jenny and Evelyn Who Were Playing When the Stoop Collapsed *Lucille Clifton, the mississippi river empties into the gulf *Judith Ortiz Cofer, Claims Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan *Billy Collins, Lines Lost Among Trees Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge *Victor Hernandez Cruz, Anonymous e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill’s E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Brides Come to Yuba City John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God John Donne, Death Be Not Proud John Donne, Song *Mark Doty, A Display of Mackerel Rita Dove, The Satisfaction Coal Company *Gregory Djanikan, Immigrant Picnic *Stephen Dunn, Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock James A. Emanuel, Emmett TillLouise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night Robert Frost, Birches Robert Frost, Desert Places Robert Frost, Mending Wall Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening * Frederico Garcia Lorca, Arbole Arbole *Deborah Garrison, Please Fire Me Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa *Jorie Graham, I Was Taught Three H. D. , Heat H. D. , Helen *Marilyn Hacker, I’m Four *Rachel Hadas, Thick and Thin *Joy Harjo, Morning Song Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain Robert Hayden, Homage to the Empress of the Blues *Seamus Heaney, Mid-term BreakGerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover *Garett Kaoru Hongo, The Hongo Store 29 Miles Volcano Hilo, Hawaii *Andrew Hudgins, Desert Island Ted Hughes, Visit *Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood *Donald Justice, School Letting Out John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad John Keats, Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art John Keats, Ode on a Gredian Urn John Keats, When I Have Fears *Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street *Jane Kenyon, A Boy Goes into the World Philip Larkin, Aubade *Li-Young Lee, The Gift *Phillip Levine, Llanto Harry McC abe, Evening at the Shack Claude McKay, If We Must Die *James Merrill, Page from the Koran *M. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co. *Dan Nester, Pay Per View etude *Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys Party Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage *Frank O’Hara, Autobiographia Literaria *Mary Oliver, Alligator Poem Michael Ondaatje, Dates *Gregory Orr, Once the two of us Linda Pastan, Ethics Linda Pastan, Marks *Lucia Perillo, Scott Wonders if His Daughter Will Understand Tragedy if He Kills Rock and RollMarge Piercy, Barbie Doll Marge Piercy, The Friend *Robert Pinsky, If You Could Write One Great Poem, What Would You Want It to Be About? Sylvia Plath, Metaphors Sylvia Plath, Mirror Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory *Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest Carl Sandburg, Fog *S onia Sanchez, right on: white america Anne Sexton, Sylvia’s Death William Shakespeare, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds William Shakespeare, Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind Charles Simic, Spring *Louis Simpson, A Shearling Coat Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning Cathy Song, Lost Sister Gary Soto, Black Hair *Wole Soyinka, Hamlet Barry Spacks, On Finding a Yiddish Newspaper on the Riverside Line William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream *Mark Strand, Old Man Leaves a Party *Virgil Suarez, Aguacero Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses *John Updike, Rainbow Gina Valdes, My Mother Sews Blouses Margaret Walker, Lineage Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose James Welch, The Man from WashingtonPhyllis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider Walt Whitman, from Song of Myself *C. K. Williams, Tantrum William Carlos Williams, The Dance William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold William Wordsworth, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree William Butler Yeats, Sailing to ByzantiumWilliam Butler Yeats, The Second Coming 28. Biographical Sketches of Selected Poets DRAMA 29. Understanding Drama Dramatic Literature The Origins of the Modern Theater The Ancient Greek Theater The Elizabethan Theater The Modern Theater Kinds of Drama Tragedy Comedy A Note on Translations August Strindberg, The Stronger *Jane Martin, Beauty Reading Drama (only in Portable) 30. Reading and Writing About Drama Reading Drama Active Reading Previewing Highlighting or Annotating Writing About Drama Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to S ay Seeing Connections Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an OutlineDrafting an Essay Student Paper: The Women’s Role in Trifles (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft) Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 31. Plot Plot Structure Plot and Subplot Plot Development Flashbacks Foreshadowing Checklist: Writing About Plot Susan Glaspell, Trifles *Sam Shepard, True West Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House Writing Suggestions: Plot 32. Character Character’s Words Formal and Informal Language Plain and Elaborate Style Tone IronyCharacter’s Actions Stage Directions Actor’s Interpretations Checklist: Writing About Character Anton Chekov, The Brute Paddy Chayefsky, Marty *David Auburn, Proof Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman Writing Suggestions: Character 33. Staging Stage Directions The Uses of Stagi ng Costumes Props Scenery and Lighting Music and Sound Effects A Final Note Checklist: Writing About Staging Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer Sophocles, Oedipus the King William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream Writing Suggestions: Staging 34. Theme Titles Conflicts Dialogue Characters Staging A Final Note Checklist: Writing About ThemeWendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer *Margaret Edson, W;t Sophocles, Antigone August Wilson, Fences Writing Suggestions: Theme 35. Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Author’s Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition) James Fisher, From The Angels of Fructification Eric P. Levy, From Through the Soundproof Glass Jacqueline O’Connor, From Dramatizing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams Edwina Dakin Williams, Tennessee Williams, Dakin Williams, and Shepherd Meade, Excerpts from Thre e MemoirsJean Evans and Walter Wager, Excerpts from Two Interviews with Williams Thomas L. King, Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie Nancy Tischler, Nancy Marie Patterson, From A Student Companion to Tennessee Williams Roger B. Stein, From The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence Tom Scanlan, from Family, Drama, and American Dreams Roger Boxill, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Portrait of a Girl in Glass Topics for Further Research Student Paper: Laura’s Gentlemen Caller 36. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing William Shakespeare, HamletElizabeth Mullenix, Reitz, The Sublime or the Ridiculous? Siyang, Zhang, Hamlet’s Melancholy Vince Escanalar, Foils in Hamlet Mark Rose, From Reforming the Role Ellen J. O’Brien, From Revision by Excision: Rewriting Gertrude June Schlueter and James P. Lusardi, From Study to Stage to Classroom Sandra K. Fisher, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches Topics for Further Research Student Paper: â€Å"Reclaiming Shakespeare’s Gertrude: Rejecting Role Revisions on Stage and in Film† WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE 37. Three Common Writing Assignments 38. Writing a Research Paper Choosing a Topic Looking for Sources Narrowing Your TopicDoing Research Taking Notes Integrating Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Drafting a Thesis Statement Making an Outline Writing Your Paper Documenting Your Sources Parenthetical References in the Text Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References Sample References The List of Works Cited Informal Documentation Content Notes To Cite Several Sources To Provide Explanations Sample Literature Papers with MLA Documentation Student Paper, And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and act in Eudora Welty’s A Worn Path Student Paper: â€Å"A & P†: A Class Act 39. Using Literary Theory in Your Writing FormalismA Formalist Reading: Kate Chopan’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: For malism Reader-Response Criticism Reader-Response Reading’s: Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: Reader-Response Criticims Sociological Criticism Feminist Criticism A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Feminist Criticism Marxist Criticism A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Marxist Criticism New Historicism A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† For Further Reading: New Historicist CriticismPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic Terms A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† For Further Reading: Psychoanalytic Criticism Structuralism A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† For Further Reading: Structuralism Deconstruction A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O’Connor’s â €Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† For Further Reading: Deconstruction 40. Writing Essay Exams About Literature Planning an Essay Exam Answer Review Your Material Consider Your Audience and Purpose Read through the Entire Exam Read the Question CarefullyKey Words in Exam Questions Brainstorm to Find Ideas Shaping an Essay Exam Answer Stating a Thesis Making a Scratch Outline Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer Appendix A: Literary History: Aristotle to the Twentieth Century Beginnings: The Greeks and Romas (c. 450 b. c. – a. d. 400) The Middle Agesa (c. A. D. 400 – 1500) The Renaissance (c. 1500-1660) The Enlightenment (c. 1660 – 1798) The Romantic Period (1798 – 1837) The Victorian Period (1837 – 1901) The Modern Period (1901 – Present) Glossary of Literary Terms Acknowledgements Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry Two Kinds Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, 5th Edition Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell Table of Contents Preface 1. Understanding Literature Imaginative Literature Conventional Themes The Literary Canon Luisa Valenzuela, â€Å"All about Suicide† Wole Soyinka, â€Å"Telephone Conversation† Thinking Critically Interpreting Literature Evaluating Literature The Function of Literary Criticism Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism 2. Reading and Writing About Literature Reading Literature Previewing Highlighting Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols Maya Angelou, â€Å"My Arkansas† Annotating Writing About LiteraturePlanning an Essay Considering your Audience Understanding Your Purpose Writing To Respond Writing To Interpret Writing To Evaluate Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Keeping a Journal Seeing Connections: Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Revising and Editing an Essay Strategies for Revision The Revi sion Process Thesis Statement Support Topic Sentences Introductions and Conclusions Sentences and Words Using and Documenting Sources Checklist: Using Sources Checklist: Conventions for Writing About Literature Exercise: Two Student PapersStudent Paper: â€Å"Initiation into Adulthood† Student Paper: â€Å"Hard Choices† FICTION 3. Understanding Fiction Defining Fiction The Short Story Gary Gildner, â€Å"Sleepytime Gal† Margaret Atwood, â€Å"Happy Endings† *Jonathan Safran Foer, â€Å"A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease â€Å" A Final Note 4. Reading and Writing About Fiction Reading Fiction Active Reading Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Writing About Fiction Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Read Essay In Westminster Abbey AnalysisStudent Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† First Draft First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Second Draft Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Final Draft Final Draft Commentary 5. Plot Conflict Stages of Plot Order and Sequence A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Plot Kate Chopin, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Nadine Gordimer, â€Å"Once upon a Time† *Stephen Dobyns, â€Å"Kansas† William Faulkner, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Lorrie Moore, â€Å"How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes)† Writing Suggestions: Plot 6. Character Round and Flat CharactersDynamic and Static Characters Motivation Checklist: Writing About Character John Updike, â€Å"A & P† Katherine Mansfield, â€Å"Miss Brill† Charles Baxter, â€Å"Gryphon† *Jhumpa Lahiri, â€Å"The Third and Final Continentâ₠¬  *Mary Ladd Gavell, â€Å"The Swing† Writing Suggestions: Character 7. Setting Historical Setting Geographical Setting Physical Setting Checklist: Writing About Setting Kate Chopin, The Storm Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona *Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing *Pam Houston, Cowboys Are My Weakness Writing Suggestions: Setting 8. Point of View First Person NarratorUnreliable Narrators Third Person Narrator Omniscient Limited Omniscient Objective Selecting an Appropriate Point of View Limited Omniscient Point of View First-Person Point of View (Child) First-Person Point of View (Adult) Omniscient Point of View Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review Checklist: Writing about Point of View *Bessie Head, Looking for a Rain God Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man *Gish Jen, Chin William Faulkner, Barn Burning Writing Suggestions: Point of View 9. Style, Tone, and Language Styl e and Tone The Uses of Language Formal and Informal DictionImagery Figures of Speech A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language James Joyce, Araby *Andrea Barrett, The Littoral Zone Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language 10. Symbol and Allegory Literary Symbols Recognizing Symbols The Purpose of Symbols Allegory Checklist: Writing About Symbol and Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Alice Walker, Everyday Use *Raymond Carver, Cathedral *Richard Russo, DogWriting Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory 11. Theme Interpreting Themes (Understanding Theme in Portable) Identifying Themes Checklist: Writing About Theme David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables Eudora Welty, A Worn Path *Rick Bass, The Fireman Writing Suggestions: Theme 12. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†? Elaine R. Hedges, Scudder’s Comment on â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar, From The Madwoman in the Attic Ann J. Lane, From To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Denise D. Knight, ed. , Charlotte Perkins Gilman, From The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Petition to the New Jersey Legislature Judiciary Committee of the New Jersey Assembly, Response to the Petition by Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell Lise Stevens, Postpartum Depression Patricia J. Williams, Beyond the Village Pale Topics for Further Research 13. Joyce Carol Oates’ Where are You Going, Where have You Been? A Casebook for Reading Research, and Writing Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, From In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie’s Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Mike Tierce and John Michael Grafton, From Connie’s Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend† Bob Dylan, It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue Joyce M. Wegs, â€Å"Don’t You Know Who I Am? † The Grotesque in Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? †Laura Kalpakian, Where Are you Going, Where Have You Been (book review) Stephen Slimp, Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Don Moser, The Pied Piper of Tuscon The Pied Piper of Hamelin Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood Topics for Further Research Student Paper 14. Fiction for Further Reading *Chinua Ac hebe, Dead Man’s Path Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson *Donald Barthelme, City of Churches *Amy Bloom, Hold Tight T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake *Ethan Canin, The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds *Stephen Crane, The Open Boat *Junot Diaz, Aguantado Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The DisappearanceLouise Erdrich, Fleur Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children *Tim Gautreaux, Same Place, Same Things Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark *Raj Kamal Jha, Domestic Help Ha Jin, Sabateur James Joyce, Eveline Jamaica Kincaid, Girl Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee Herman Melville, Bartleby the Scribner Alice Munro, Boys and Girls *V. S. Naipaul, B. Wordsworth Joyce Carol Oates, Shopping *Flannery O’Connor, Good Country People Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Carol Shields, Fifteen Minutes in the Life of Larry Weller John Steinbeck, The ChrysanthemumsAmy Tan, Two Kinds Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland POETRY 15. Understan ding Poetry Marianne Moore, Poetry Nikki Giovanni, Poetry Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica Defining Poetry William Shakespeare, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold Louis Zukofsky, I Walk in the Old Street e. e. cummings, l(a Approaching Poetry Recognizing Kinds of Poetry Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry 16. Discovering Themes in Poetry Adrienne Rich, A Woman Mourned by Daughters Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty Second Year Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father In the Navy: A Childhood Memory Poems About ParentsTheodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Lucille Clifton, My Mama Moved among the Days Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Simon J. Ortiz, My Father’s Song *Yehuda Amichai, My Father *Jill Bialosky, The Boy Beheld his Mother’s Past Poems about Love Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd Thomas Cam pion, There Is a Garden in Her Face William Shakespeare, My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun Robert Browning, Meeting at Night Robert Browning, Parting At MorningElizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation Sylvia Plath, Wreath for a Bridal Ted Hughes, A Pink Wool Knitted Dress Poems About War Rupert Brooke, The Soldier Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead Denise Levertov, What Were They Like *Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime Boris Slutsky, How Did They Kill My GrandmotherBilly Joel, Goodnight Saigon Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It *Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning 17. Reading and Writing About Poetry Reading Poetry Active Reading Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Robert Hayden, Th ose Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Writing About Poetry Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)Second Draft Commentary Student Paper, Digging For Memories (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 18. Voice Emily Dickinson, I’m Nobody! Who Are You? The Speaker in the Poem Louise Gluck, Gretel in Darkness Leonard Adame, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum Langston Hughes, Negro Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note *Deborah Garrison, An Idle Thought *James Tate, Nice Car, Camille *Dorianne Laux, The Shipfitter’s Wife The Tone of the Poem Robert Frost, Fire and Ice Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed Amy Lowell, Patterns Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us Sylvia Plath, Morning Song Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time *Steve Kowit, The Grammar Lesson Irony Robert Browning, Porphyria’s Lover Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias Ariel Dorfman, Hope W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen Anne Sexton, Cinderella Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham *Sherman Alexie, How to Write the Great American Indian Novel *Rachel Rose, What We Heard about the Japanese *Rachel Rose, What the Japanese Perhaps Heard Checklist: Writing about Voice Writing Suggestions: Voice 9. Word Choice, Word Order Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words Word Choice Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin e. e. cummings, in Just- Theodore Roethke, I Knew a Woman *Robert Pinsky, ABC Levels of Diction Margaret At wood, The City Planners Jim Sagel, Baca Grande *Wanda Coleman, Sears Life *Mark Halliday, The Value of Education Barbara L. Greenberg, The Faithful Wife Richard Wilbur, For the Student Strikers Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight Dialect Faye Kicknosway, GracieRobert Burns, John Anderson My Jo Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Word Order Edmund Spenser, One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town A. E. Housman, To An Athlete Dying Young Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun Checklist: Writing About Word Choice, Word Order Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order 20. Imagery Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to be Said for the Iron Age Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure Michael Chitwood, Division *Lam Thi My Da, Washing Rice *Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Alley of Flowers *Edward Hirsch, M an on a Fire Escape *Maxine Kumin, Vignette *Michael McFee, Valentine’s Afternoon Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay Jean Toomer, Reapers Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est Checklist: Writing about Imagery Writing Suggestions: Imagery 21. Figures of Speech William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? Simile, Metaphor, and Personification Langston Hughes, Harlem Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity Audre Lorde, Rooming Houses Are Old WomenRobert Burns, Oh, My Love Is like A Red, Red, Rose John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning *E. B. White, Natural History *Bei Dau, A Bouquet *Martin Espada, My Father as Guitar *Mary Jo Salter, Kangaroo Hyperbole and Understatement Sylvia Plath, Daddy David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Robert Fr ost, Out, Out— Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner Margaret Atwood, You Fit Into Me *Sherod Santos, Spring ElegyMetonymy and Synecdoche Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars *Thomas Lux, Henry Clay’s Mouth Apostrophe Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa *Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California Checklist: Writing About Figures of Speech Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech 22. Sound Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice Rhythm Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud Meter Emily Dickinson, I Like to See It Lap the Miles Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After Alliteration and Assonance Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle N. Scott Momaday, Comparatives Robert Herrick, Delight in DisorderRhyme Ogden Nash, The Llama Richard Wilbur, A Sketch Gerald Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening *Kelly Cherry, Nobody’s Fool *Lydia Davis, A Mown Lawn *Robert Francis, Pitcher *Alan Shapiro, A P arting Gift *Mona Van Duyn, The Beginning Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky Checklist: Writing About Sound Writing Suggestions: Sound 23. Form John Keats, On the Sonnet *Billy Collins, Sonnet Closed Form Blank Verse Stanza The Sonnet William Shakespeare, When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes Claude McKay, The White City John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s HomerGwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle *Mona Van Duyn, Minimalist Sonnet The Sestina Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina The Villanelle Theodore Roethke, The Waking William Meredith, In Memory of Donald A. Stauffer The Epigram Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram *Martin Espada, Why I Went to College Haiku Richard Brautigan, Widow’s Lament Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku Carolyn Kizer, After Basho Open Form Carl Sandburg, Chicago Louise Gluck, Life is a Nice Place e. e. cummings, the sky was can dy Walt Whitman, from Out of the Cradl e Endlessly RockingDiane Wakoski, Sleep Robert Hayden, Monet’s Waterlillies William Carlos Williams, Spring and All Carolyn Forche, The Colonel *Pat Mora, Immigrants *Czeslaw Milosz, Christopher Robin Concrete Poetry May Swenson, Women George Herbert, Easter Wings *Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees Checklist: Writing About Form Writing Suggestions: Form 24. Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth William Blake, The Sick Rose Symbol Robert Frost, For Once, Then Something Jim Simmerman, Child’s Grave, Hale County, Alabama Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes Be in Sicily Langston Hughes, Island Theodore Roethke, Night CrowAllegory Christina Rossetti, Uphill Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck Allusion Wole Soyinka, Future Plans William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide Delmore Schwartz, The True-Blue American Myth Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel Louise Erdrich, Windigo William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts *T. S. E liot, The Journey of the Magi *Elizabeth Holmes, The Fathers Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth Writing Suggestions: Symbol Allegory, Allusion, and Myth 25. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and WritingEmily Dickinson, â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I taste a liquor never brewed—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"â€Å"Heaven† – Is what I cannot reach! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Wild Nights—Wild Nights! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Soul Selects Her own Society† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Nature—sometimes sears a Sapling—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"After great pain, A formal feeling comes—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I Read My Sentence—Steadily—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"We grow accustomed to the Dark—†Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Much Madness is divinest Sense—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"This is my letter to the World† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I heard a fly buzz—when I died—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Brain—is wider than the Sky—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I dwell in Possibility—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Only News I know† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I never saw a Moor—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Bustle in a House† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"There is no Frigate like a Book† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"That Love is all there is,†Thomas H. Johnso n and Theodora Ward, From The Letters of Emily Dickinson Burdick, E. Miller, From Emily Dickinson and the Life of Language Judith Farr, From The Passion of Emily Dickinson Richard B. Sewall, From The Life of Emily Dickinson Judy Jo Small, From Positive as Sound: Emily Dickinson’s Rhyme Allen Tate, Emily Dickinson Shankar Vedantam, Did a Bipolar Trait bring a Turn for the Verse? Michael Ryan, Vocation According to Dickinson Suzanne Juhasz, Christanne Miller, and Martha Nell Smith, Emily Dickinson’s Feminist Humor James L. Dean, Dickinson’s â€Å"Wild Nights! † Research QuestionsStudent Paper The Musicality of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry 26. The Poetry of Langston Hughes: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues Langston Hughes, I, To Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord Langston Hughes, The Ballad of Booker T Langston Hughes, Theme for English B Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie Langston Hughes, Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963) Langston Hughes, Old Walt Langston Hughes, Genius Child Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight Langston Hughes, Park Bench Langston Hughes, The Un-American InvestigatorsLangston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me Langston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain Langston Hughes, To Negro Writers Langston Hughes, My Adventures as a Social Poet Arnold Rampersad, The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes Herman Beavers, Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes Steven C. Tracy, â€Å"Midnight Ruffles of CatGut Lace†: The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes Karen Jackson Ford, Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes Aesthetics of Simplicity George B. Hutchinson, Langston Hughes and the â€Å"Other† Whitman C. D. Rogers, â€Å"Hughes’s ‘Genius Child’†Research Questions Student Paper: Challenging the Father/Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes’s  "The Negro Speaks of Rivers† 27. Poetry for Further Reading Sherman Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman Maya Angelou, Africa Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan Anonymous, Western Wind Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach *John Ashbery, Myrtle *Elizabeth Alexander, Apollo Margaret Atwood, This Is A Photograph of Me *Robin Behn, Whether or Not There Are Apples *Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper William Blake, The Lamb *William Blake, To See a World in a Grain of Sand William Blake, LondonWilliam Blake, The Tyger *Eavon Boland, The Emigrant Irish Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book Gwendolyn Brooks, The Ballad of Rudolph Reed Gwendolyn Brooks, The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty *Shulamith Wechter Caine, Intellectual Heritage *Raphael Campo, Oysters *Phyllis Capello, In Memory of Jenny and Evelyn Who Were Playing When the Stoop Collapsed *Lucille Clifton, the mississippi river empties into the gulf *Judith Ortiz Cofer, Claims Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan *Billy Collins, Lines Lost Among Trees Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge *Victor Hernandez Cruz, Anonymous e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill’s E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Brides Come to Yuba City John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God John Donne, Death Be Not Proud John Donne, Song *Mark Doty, A Display of Mackerel Rita Dove, The Satisfaction Coal Company *Gregory Djanikan, Immigrant Picnic *Stephen Dunn, Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock James A. Emanuel, Emmett TillLouise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night Robert Frost, Birches Robert Frost, Desert Places Robert Frost, Mending Wall Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening * Frederico Garcia Lorca, Arbole Arbole *Deborah Garrison, Please Fire Me Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa *Jorie Graham, I Was Taught Three H. D. , Heat H. D. , Helen *Marilyn Hacker, I’m Four *Rachel Hadas, Thick and Thin *Joy Harjo, Morning Song Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain Robert Hayden, Homage to the Empress of the Blues *Seamus Heaney, Mid-term BreakGerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover *Garett Kaoru Hongo, The Hongo Store 29 Miles Volcano Hilo, Hawaii *Andrew Hudgins, Desert Island Ted Hughes, Visit *Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood *Donald Justice, School Letting Out John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad John Keats, Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art John Keats, Ode on a Gredian Urn John Keats, When I Have Fears *Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street *Jane Kenyon, A Boy Goes into the World Philip Larkin, Aubade *Li-Young Lee, The Gift *Phillip Levine, Llanto Harry McC abe, Evening at the Shack Claude McKay, If We Must Die *James Merrill, Page from the Koran *M. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co. *Dan Nester, Pay Per View etude *Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys Party Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage *Frank O’Hara, Autobiographia Literaria *Mary Oliver, Alligator Poem Michael Ondaatje, Dates *Gregory Orr, Once the two of us Linda Pastan, Ethics Linda Pastan, Marks *Lucia Perillo, Scott Wonders if His Daughter Will Understand Tragedy if He Kills Rock and RollMarge Piercy, Barbie Doll Marge Piercy, The Friend *Robert Pinsky, If You Could Write One Great Poem, What Would You Want It to Be About? Sylvia Plath, Metaphors Sylvia Plath, Mirror Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory *Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest Carl Sandburg, Fog *S onia Sanchez, right on: white america Anne Sexton, Sylvia’s Death William Shakespeare, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds William Shakespeare, Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind Charles Simic, Spring *Louis Simpson, A Shearling Coat Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning Cathy Song, Lost Sister Gary Soto, Black Hair *Wole Soyinka, Hamlet Barry Spacks, On Finding a Yiddish Newspaper on the Riverside Line William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream *Mark Strand, Old Man Leaves a Party *Virgil Suarez, Aguacero Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses *John Updike, Rainbow Gina Valdes, My Mother Sews Blouses Margaret Walker, Lineage Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose James Welch, The Man from WashingtonPhyllis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider Walt Whitman, from Song of Myself *C. K. Williams, Tantrum William Carlos Williams, The Dance William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold William Wordsworth, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree William Butler Yeats, Sailing to ByzantiumWilliam Butler Yeats, The Second Coming 28. Biographical Sketches of Selected Poets DRAMA 29. Understanding Drama Dramatic Literature The Origins of the Modern Theater The Ancient Greek Theater The Elizabethan Theater The Modern Theater Kinds of Drama Tragedy Comedy A Note on Translations August Strindberg, The Stronger *Jane Martin, Beauty Reading Drama (only in Portable) 30. Reading and Writing About Drama Reading Drama Active Reading Previewing Highlighting or Annotating Writing About Drama Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to S ay Seeing Connections Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an OutlineDrafting an Essay Student Paper: The Women’s Role in Trifles (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft) Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 31. Plot Plot Structure Plot and Subplot Plot Development Flashbacks Foreshadowing Checklist: Writing About Plot Susan Glaspell, Trifles *Sam Shepard, True West Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House Writing Suggestions: Plot 32. Character Character’s Words Formal and Informal Language Plain and Elaborate Style Tone IronyCharacter’s Actions Stage Directions Actor’s Interpretations Checklist: Writing About Character Anton Chekov, The Brute Paddy Chayefsky, Marty *David Auburn, Proof Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman Writing Suggestions: Character 33. Staging Stage Directions The Uses of Stagi ng Costumes Props Scenery and Lighting Music and Sound Effects A Final Note Checklist: Writing About Staging Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer Sophocles, Oedipus the King William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream Writing Suggestions: Staging 34. Theme Titles Conflicts Dialogue Characters Staging A Final Note Checklist: Writing About ThemeWendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer *Margaret Edson, W;t Sophocles, Antigone August Wilson, Fences Writing Suggestions: Theme 35. Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Author’s Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition) James Fisher, From The Angels of Fructification Eric P. Levy, From Through the Soundproof Glass Jacqueline O’Connor, From Dramatizing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams Edwina Dakin Williams, Tennessee Williams, Dakin Williams, and Shepherd Meade, Excerpts from Thre e MemoirsJean Evans and Walter Wager, Excerpts from Two Interviews with Williams Thomas L. King, Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie Nancy Tischler, Nancy Marie Patterson, From A Student Companion to Tennessee Williams Roger B. Stein, From The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence Tom Scanlan, from Family, Drama, and American Dreams Roger Boxill, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Portrait of a Girl in Glass Topics for Further Research Student Paper: Laura’s Gentlemen Caller 36. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing William Shakespeare, HamletElizabeth Mullenix, Reitz, The Sublime or the Ridiculous? Siyang, Zhang, Hamlet’s Melancholy Vince Escanalar, Foils in Hamlet Mark Rose, From Reforming the Role Ellen J. O’Brien, From Revision by Excision: Rewriting Gertrude June Schlueter and James P. Lusardi, From Study to Stage to Classroom Sandra K. Fisher, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches Topics for Further Research Student Paper: â€Å"Reclaiming Shakespeare’s Gertrude: Rejecting Role Revisions on Stage and in Film† WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE 37. Three Common Writing Assignments 38. Writing a Research Paper Choosing a Topic Looking for Sources Narrowing Your TopicDoing Research Taking Notes Integrating Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Drafting a Thesis Statement Making an Outline Writing Your Paper Documenting Your Sources Parenthetical References in the Text Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References Sample References The List of Works Cited Informal Documentation Content Notes To Cite Several Sources To Provide Explanations Sample Literature Papers with MLA Documentation Student Paper, And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and act in Eudora Welty’s A Worn Path Student Paper: â€Å"A & P†: A Class Act 39. Using Literary Theory in Your Writing FormalismA Formalist Reading: Kate Chopan’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: For malism Reader-Response Criticism Reader-Response Reading’s: Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: Reader-Response Criticims Sociological Criticism Feminist Criticism A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Feminist Criticism Marxist Criticism A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Marxist Criticism New Historicism A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† For Further Reading: New Historicist CriticismPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic Terms A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† For Further Reading: Psychoanalytic Criticism Structuralism A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† For Further Reading: Structuralism Deconstruction A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O’Connor’s â €Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† For Further Reading: Deconstruction 40. Writing Essay Exams About Literature Planning an Essay Exam Answer Review Your Material Consider Your Audience and Purpose Read through the Entire Exam Read the Question CarefullyKey Words in Exam Questions Brainstorm to Find Ideas Shaping an Essay Exam Answer Stating a Thesis Making a Scratch Outline Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer Appendix A: Literary History: Aristotle to the Twentieth Century Beginnings: The Greeks and Romas (c. 450 b. c. – a. d. 400) The Middle Agesa (c. A. D. 400 – 1500) The Renaissance (c. 1500-1660) The Enlightenment (c. 1660 – 1798) The Romantic Period (1798 – 1837) The Victorian Period (1837 – 1901) The Modern Period (1901 – Present) Glossary of Literary Terms Acknowledgements Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry

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